1、Guidelines for Abstracts About the National Information Standards Series NISO Standards are developed by the Standards Committees of the National Information Standards Organization. The development process is a strenuous one that includes a rigorous peer review of proposed standards open to each NIS
2、OVoting Member and any other interested party. Final approval of a standard involves verification by the American National Standards Institute that its requirements for due process, consensus, and other approval criteria have been met by NISO. Once verified and approved, NISO Standards also become A
3、merican National Standards. The use of an ANSI/NISO Standard is voluntary. That is, the existence of this NISO Standard does not preclude anyone, whether or not that person has adopted the NISO Standard, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures that do n
4、ot conform to the NISO Standard. However, the use of standards (those developed by NISO as well as other standards-developing organizations) has proven to be in the best interest of any industry wishing to increase its effectiveness and efficiency in the areas of product development, manufacturing,
5、and marketing and, therefore, such use is encouraged by ANSI, NISO, and all other standards-developing organizations. Each NISO Standard is reviewed at least once every five years to confirm that it remains viable and useful in its current environment. Comments for revision are welcome at any time f
6、rom any interested party. Proposed changes to this NISOStandard or suggestions for new NISO Standards should be sent to the NISO office at 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, MD 20814. Occasionally, questions may arise concerning the meaning or intent of specific sections of a NISO Standard.
7、Interpretations may be obtained by writing to the NISO office. This NISO Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. Purchasers may receive the most recent information on all NISO Standards by calling or writing: NISO Press Fulfillment Center P.O. Box 338 Oxon Hill, MD 20750-0338 U.S.A. U.S. a
8、nd Canada 1-800-282-NISO (6476) Washington, DC area and outside the U.S.: 301-567-9522 Fax: 301-567-9553 ANSUNISO 239.14-1997 Revision of ANSI 239.141979 (R1987) I ISSN: 104105653 Abstract: Guidance is presented for authors and editors preparing abstracts that represent the content of texts reportin
9、g on the results of experimental work or descriptive or discursive studies. Suggestions for the placement of abstracts within publications or other media are given, along with recommendations for abstracting specific documents. Types of abstracts and their content are de- scribed. Also included are
10、suggestions on the style of abstracts and a list of selected readings on the subject of abstracting. Examples of abstracts are appended. An American National Standard Developed by the National Information Standards Organization Approved November 27,1996 by the Ame ri can National Standards Ins ti tu
11、 te Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. = b478908 0003244 017 - Published by NISO Press 4733 Bethesda Avenue Bethesda, MD 20814 Copyright 01997 by the National Information Standards Organization All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reprod
12、uced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to NISO Press, 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20814
13、. Printed in the United States of America ISSN: 1041-5653 National Information Standards series ISBN: 1-880124-31-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data National Information Standards Organization (U.S.) This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
14、Guidelines for abstracts. “An American national standard developed by the National Information Standards Organization, approved November 27, 1996 by the American National Standards Institute.“ p. cm. - (National information standards series, ISSN 1041-5653) “ANSI/NISO 239.14-1997.“ ISBN 1-880124-31-
15、9 1. Abstracting-Standards-United States. I. American National Standards Insti- tute. II. Title. III. Series. Zh95.9.N355 1997 02S.4028-dc21 97-10459 CIP b478708 00032L(5 T53 ANSUNISO 239.14-1997 Contents Foreword v 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose . 1 1 Referenced Standards .
16、1 Definitions 1 Purpose, Location, and Authorship 2 4.1 Purpose . . 2 Recommendations for Specific Documents . 2 Monographs, Books, Proceedings, and Technical Reports . 2 4.2 Location 2 4.3 Authorship . . 2 5.1 Journals 2 5.2 5.3 Restricted-Access Documents . 3 5.4 Patents . 3 5.5 Standards . 3 Type
17、s of Abstracts and Their Content 3 6.1 Informative Abstracts . 3 6.2 Indicative Abstracts 3 6.3 Content Elements 3 6.3.2 Methodology . . 3 6.3.3 Results 3 6.3.4 Conclusions . 3 6.3.5 Collateral and Other Information 4 Style . 4 7.2 7.3 Complete Sentences 4 7.4 First Sentences . . 4 7.5 Use of Active
18、 Verbs 4 7.6 Terminology 4 7.7 Nontextual Materials 5 7.8 Treatment of Added Details 5 6.3.1 Purpose 3 7.1 Length . 4 Paragraphing and Structured Abstracts 4 References 5 Selected Readings . 5 Appendix Examples of Abstracts 7 I . Informative Abstracts . 7 II . Indicative Abstracts 9 III . Indicative
19、-Informative Abstracts 10 IV . Abstracts of Monographs aiid Chapters 11 V . Less Common Types of Abstracts 12 VI . Varying the Order of Elements . 12 VI1 . Position of the Bibliographic Citation for Abstracts in Access Services . 13 Foreword (This foreword is not part of the American National Standa
20、rd Guidelines for Abstracts, ANSI/NISO 239.14-1997. It is included for information only.) J The growing volume of documents or texts con- taining information that warrants abstracting makes a well-prepared abstract increasingly im- portant. Basic content must be quickly identifi- able, both by reade
21、rs of the primary literature and by users of access services (sometimes also re- ferred to as secondary, database, or abstracting and indexing services). Authors and editors can help users to readily identify content by begin- ning a primary document or text with a meaning- ful title and a well-prep
22、ared abstract. Indeed, authors must bear in mind that many people will selectively read no more than these components of their writings. In addition to the need for authors to write good abstracts for increasingly selective reading, it is also desirable for them to write abstracts that access servic
23、es can reproduce with little or no change, copyright permitting. Always important to users of traditional access publications, ab- stracts have also proved to be of considerable importance to users of electronic bibliographic services such as online searching and selective dissemination of informati
24、on (SDI) alerting, in- cluding systems employing full-text search. Ab- stracts that are well-prepared by authors ensure the accuracy of content and avoid unnecessary duplication of intellectual effort. As the quality of abstracts increases, so does the number of ab- stracts that can be directly empl
25、oyed by these access services, and thus the quality of the ser- vices for users. This standard is the second revision of the American National Standard for Writing Ab- stracts, ANSI 239.14-1971, which was prepared by Subcommittee 6 of the then-American Na- tional Standards Committee on Standardizati
26、on in the Field of Library Work, Documentation, and Related Publishing Practices, 239 (now NISO). The first revision of ANSI239.14-1971 was issued This current revision is based on several com- ments received in 1992 from NISO members dur- ing their review of ANSI 239.14-1979. It incorpo- rates help
27、ful changes and additional examples from IS0 214-1976, the International Standard on Abstracts for Publications and Documentation. as ANSI 239.14-1979. The International Standard was developed be- tween 1971 and 1975 by an ad hoc Working Group of ISO/TC 46, headed by the chairman of Z39/Subcommittee
28、 6. It was largely based on It is pertinent to review briefly here how the original edition, ANSI 239.14-1971, was prepared. Subcommittee 6 was appointed in January 1969 to complete the task of drafting a standard on writing abstracts, an assignment begun by two previous subcommittees. The new subco
29、mmittee drew heavily on the work of its predecessors and on a guide prepared by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, the American Institute of Physics, and UNESCO. The subcommittee mem- bers were chosen for their expertise in the writing and editing of papers, journals, and reports;
30、the preparation of abstracts, including their computer searching; and the teaching of abstracting. Thus, members represented both discipline and mission orientations, and were involved in the commhca- tion of knowledge in such diverse fields as educa- tion, psychology, chemistry, physics, and biolog
31、y. Copies of the draft of the standard were sent to groups working on national and international standards on abstracting, to all members of the 239 Committee, and to many individuals and groups known to be concerned with the writing of abstracts. The draft was then extensively revised to take into
32、account the more than 50 substantive comments that were received. In the years since this standard was first issued authors and editors in many primary pub- lications have followed its principles. In the same period, its principles have also effected changes in the practices of major access services
33、. The current revision committee has focused on the differences in form and content between infor- mative and indicative abstracts; the topics of struc- tural abstracts, electronic abstracts, information retrieval, and the content of abstracts; and on renaming the standard. Additionally, the com- mi
34、ttee has expanded the list of selected readings on the subject of abstracting and added new ex- amples of abstracts. This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the National Information (continued) ANSI 239.14-1971. Page v = b1178908 0003247 82b W FOREWORD ANSI/NISO 239-14-1997
35、 Standards Organization. It was balloted by the NISO Voting Members April 30, 1996-July 31, 1996. It will next be reviewed in 2002. Suggestions for improving this standard should be sent to the National Information Standards Organization, 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20814, tele- phone (301) 6
36、54-2512. NISO approval of this stan- dard does not necessarily imply that all members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, NISO had the following members: L c NISO Voting Members 3M Richard W. Lindahl Robert L. Dreger (Ait) Gerald G. Marsolek (Alt) American Association of L
37、aw Libraries Andrew Laurence American Chemical Society Robert S. Tannehill, Jr. Leon R. Blauvelt (Alt) American Library Association Carlen Ruschoff American Society for Information Science Mark H. Needleman American Society of Indexers Patricia S. Kuhr Marie Kascus, (Alt) American Theological Librar
38、y Association Myron B. Chace Ameritech Library Services, Academic Division John Kolinan Amcm Corporation Randy R. Reddemann Apple Computer, Inc. Janet Vratney Rita Brennan (Alt) Diane Zehnpfennig Beth Knapke (Alt) Thoinas E. Young Penney DePas (Alt) Bruce H. Kiesel Armed Forces Medical Library Art L
39、ibraries Society of North America Association of Information and Dissemination Centers Association for Information and Image Management Association of Jewish Libraries Judy Kilpatrick Pearl Berger David Gilner (Alt) Duane E. Webster M. E. Brennan Association of Research Libraries Bell Labs CASPR, In
40、c. Norman Kline Brian Loineli (Alt) CARL Corporation Ward Shaw College Center for Library Automation J. Richard Madaus Ann Armbrister (Alt) Michael J. Mellinger James Michael (Alt) Beth F. Anderson Sandra H. Hurd Mary Beth Vanderpoorten (Alt) John Mancia Norman Paskin (Alt) The Faxon Company Alan No
41、rdman Follett D. Jeffrey Blumenthal Michael Marchuk (Alt) Gaylord Information Systems James English William Schickling (Alt) Christopher Ziener Norman Scharpf (Alt) Geac Computers, Inc. Simon Kendall B. J. Mitchell (Alt) Data Research Associates, Inc. Data Research Users Group, Inc. EBCCO Informatio
42、n Services Elsevier Science Incorporated GCA Research Institute IBM Corporation IEEE Indiana Cooperative Library Services Authority Tryg Ager Anthony J. Ferrar0 Millard Johnson Janice Cox (Alt) Delores Meglio Victoria Gray (Alt) Innovative Interfaces, Inc. Gerald M. Kline Sandra Westall (Alt) Richar
43、d Boulderstone David Loy (Alt) Peter Ryal1 Sally Grauer Information Access Company Knight-Ridder Information, Inc. Lexis-Nexis Library Binding Institute Page vi ANSUNISO 239.14-1997 Library of Congress Winston Tabb Sallv H. McCallum (Alt) Medical Library Association Katherine Hughes Carla J. Funk (A
44、lt) Anita Anker Branin William DeJoliii (Alt) Music Library Association Lenore Coral Geraldine Ostrove (Alt) National Agricultural Library Pamela Q. J. Andre Gary K. McCone (Alt) Alan Calines MINITEX National Archives and Records Administration National Federation of Abstracting and Information Sen7
45、ices John Sclinepp Lois Ann Colaianni Donald J. Muccino Michael P. Butler Greg Pronevitz (Alt) Daid Barber James E. Rush Sandra J. Gurshman Amira Aaron (Alt) National Library of Medicine OCLC, Inc. OHIONET OhioLINK PALINET Readmore Academic Services The Research Libraries Group, Inc. Wayne Davison K
46、athy Bales (Alt) R. R. Bowker Emery Koltay R. R. Donnelley At Sons, Co. Sidney P. Marland III CilverPlatter Information, Inc. Peter Ciuffetti Barbara Bishop (Alt) FOREWORD SIRS, Inc. Leonardo Lazo Harry Kaplanian (Alt) LYM Lady Bellardo Connie Bibus Kevin Bums (Alt) Special Libraries Association Mar
47、jorie Hlava SUNY /OCLC Liz Lane Society of American Archivists Society for Technical Communication UM1 Blake Ratcliffe Jim Tumolo (Alt) US. Department of the Army, Headquarters U.S. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Office of Information Services Paula E. Vincen
48、t Paul Vassallo Jeff Harrison (Alt) Information Center Gretchen A. Schlag Claire Tozier (Alt) Technical Information Mary Hall Nancy Hardin (Alt) U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Technical U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Scientific and U.S. National Commission on Libraries and Information Sci
49、ence Peter R. Young Vinod Chachra VTLS, Inc. West Publishing Company Andy Desmond Forrest Rhoads (Alt) Winnebago Software Bob Engen Carol E. Blagsvedt (Alt) The H.W. Wilson Company George I. Lewicky Ann Case (Alt) (Forezuord continued) Page vii FOREWORD ANSUNISO 239.14-1997 NISO Board of Directors At the time NISO approved this standard, the following individuals served on its Board of Directors: Michael J. McGill, Chair University of Michigan Medical Center loel H. Baron, Vice Chair/Chair-elect Dawson Holdings PLC Michael J. Mellinger, Immediate Past Chair Data Research Associates, In
