1、ANS I/N I SO 239.53-200 1 (Revision of ANSI/NISO 239.53-1994) ISSN: 1041-5653 Codes for the Representation of Languages for Information Interchange Abstract: A standardized 3-character code to indicate language in the exchange of information is defined. Codes are given for languages, contemporary an
2、d historical. An American National Standard Developed by the National Information Standards Organization Approved August 31, 2001 by the American Nat ional Standards I nst it Ute Published by the National Information Standards Organization Bethesda, Maryland NISO Press, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A. Pu
3、blished by NISO Press 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300 Bethesda, MD 20814 ww. niso.org Copyright 02001 by the National Information Standards Organization All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form o
4、r by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to NISO Press, 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, M D 20814. Printed in the Unit
5、ed States of America ISSN: 1041-5653 National Information Standard Series ISBN: 1-8801 24-52-1 This paper meets the requirements of ANSVNISO 239.48-1992 (R 1997) Permanence of Paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data National Information Standards Organization (U.S.) Codes for the r
6、epresentation of languages for information interchange p. cm. - (National information standards series, ISSN 1041-5653) “ ANSVNISO 239.53-2001 (Revision of ANSVNISO 239.53-1 994.)” “An American national standard developed by the National Information Standards Organization.” “Approved . by the Americ
7、an National Standards Institute.” ISBN 1-880124-52-1 (alk. paper) 1. Machine-readable bibliographic data-Standards-United States. 2. Language and languages-Code words-Standards-United States. I. American National Standards Institute. II. Title. III. Series. 2699.35.M28 N38 2001 025.324-dc2 1 00-0695
8、47 Contents Foreword V 1. Purpose and Scope 1 1.1 Purpose . 1 1.2 Scope 1 1.2.1 Usage . 1 1.2.2 Limitation . 1 2. General Principles of the List 1 2.1 Structure of the Language Codes 1 2.2 Specificity of the Language Codes 2 2.3 Future Development 2.4 Script . 2 2.5 Special Language Codes . 2 2.5.1
9、Language Code M IS 2.5.2 Language Code ART 2.5.3 Language Code MUL 2 . 3 2.5.4 Language Code 3. Structure of the List of Language Codes 3 3.1 Descriptors . 3 3.2 Arrangement of the List of Language Codes 3 4. Maintenance Agency 3 Tables Table 1. List of Language Codes in Alphabetical Order by Code .
10、 5 Table 2. List of Language Codes in Alphabetical Order by Descriptor 10 Table 3. List of Obsolete Language Codes 15 Appendix Designation of Maintenance Agency . 16 Fo rewo rd (This foreword is not part of the American National Standard for Codes for the Representation of Languages for Information
11、Interchange, ANSVNISO 239.53-2001. It is included for information only.) This standard was originally prepared by Standards Committee C, Language Codes, which was organized in 1979. Charged with “ providing a standard code for indicating languages for information interchange purposes,” the committee
12、 produced a standard based on the list of MARC language codes developed by the Library of Congress in cooperation with the National Agricultural Library and the National Library of Medicine. This code list is now published as the MARC Code List for Languages. Practical application of the MARC langua
13、ge codes has shown that in order to serve as an appropriate retrieval device for information, a standard list of language codes must reflect the linguistic content of the universal collection to which it is applied, with language codes assigned as needed to distinguish information in a given languag
14、e or group of languages. The MARC language codes constitute such a list. The committees decision to base the standard on the existing MARC list took into account these contributing factors: (a) several years successful application of the MARC language codes resulting in many millions of bibliographi
15、c records containing the accepted MARC codes, (b) the mnemonic relationship of the MARC codes to the English language names of the languages with English being the operational language of most American libraries, information services, and publishers, and (c) the flexibility inherent in a three-chara
16、cter code. The MARC list may be consulted for references to alternative forms of language names, as well as for the assignments to collective codes of languages for which individual codes have not been established. This revised edition reflects a thorough review of the document and includes changes
17、which are a result of requests and demonstrated need from users and implementors. In addition, it includes numerous changes necessary for compatibility with bibliographic language codes in IS0 639-2 (Codes for the representation of names of languages: alpha-3 code). The MARC code list is kept consis
18、tent with both ANSVNISO 239.53 and IS0 639-2/B. NISO acknowledges with thanks the contributions of Rebecca Guenther, Library of Congress Network Development and MARC Standards Office, in revising this standard. This standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the National Informatio
19、n Standards Organization. It was balloted by the NISO Voting Members February 9, 2001 - March 23, 2001. It will next be reviewed in 2006. Suggestions for improving this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the National Information Standards Organization, 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300, Beth
20、esda, M D 20814. NISO approval of this standard does not necessarily imply that all Voting Members voted for its approval. At the time it approved this standard, NISO had the following members: NISO Voting Members 3M Jerry Kare1 Susan Boettcher (Alt) Academic Press Anthony Ross Bradford Terry (Alt)
21、American Association of Law Libraries Robert L. Oakley Mary Alice Baish (Alt) American Chemical Society Robert S. Tannehill, Jr. (continued) Page v ANSI/NISO 239.53-2001 FOREWORD NISO Voting Members (continued) American Library Association Paul J. Weiss American Society for Information Mark H. Needl
22、eman American Society of Indexers Charlotte Skuster Marie Kascus (Alt) American Theological Library Association Myron Chace ARMA International Diane Carlisle Art Libraries Society of North America David L. Austin Association for Information and Image Management Betsy A. Fanning Association of Jewish
23、 Libraries Carloine R. Miller Elizabeth Vernon (Alt) Association of Research Libraries Duane E. Webster Julia Blixrud (Alt) Baker bibliographic records, and the like) have been created. 1.2.2 Limitation Language codes are not designed to be used: 1. To designate machine programming languages (FORTRA
24、N, BASIC, and the like); 2. To distinguish languages from dialects. The dialect of a language is usually repre- sented by the same language code as that used for the language. 2. General Principles of the List 2.1 Structure of the Language Codes Each code comprises three roman alphabet characters. C
25、odes generally were created using three characters usually based on an English form of the language name or, in some cases, a vernacular form of the corresponding language name. Future develop- ment of language codes will be based, whenever possible, on the vernacular form of the language, unless an
26、other language code is requested by the country or countries using the language. The codes are varied where necessary to resolve conflicts. Page 1 ANSI/NISO 239.53-2001 2.2 Specificity of the Language Codes Language codes are assigned either to individual languages or to related groups of languages.
27、 The level of specificity of the language code assigned is determined in each case to be the level necessary to maintain the utility of the standard based on the volume of documents or document handling records that have been or are expected to be written, recorded, or created. Levels of specificity
28、 represented by the language codes include: 1. Language codes for individual languages; 2. Collective language codes for linguistically or otherwise related groups of languages; 3. Collective language codes for linguistically or otherwise related groups of languages having individual language codes
29、for some but not all languages so related. This standard does not indicate which level of specificity is represented by each code. The word “ languages” or “other” as part of a descriptor indicates that a language code is a collective language code. A collective language code is not intended to be u
30、sed when an individual language code or another more specific collective language code is available. 2.3 Future Development To ensure continuity and stability, language codes shall rarely be changed and only for compelling reasons. To accommodate large applications that build continuously, the codes
31、 in 239.53 shall not be changed if a language name or its abbreviation are changed. 2.4. Script A single language code is normally assigned for a language even though the language is written in more than one script. 2.5. Special Language Codes 2.5.1 Language Code MIS (Miscellaneous) The language cod
32、e M IS for Miscellaneous is assigned to languages that do not have specific individual or collective codes assigned; Etruscan is an example of a language to which the code MIS has been assigned. 2.5.2 Language Code ART (Artificial Other) The collective language code ARTfor Artificial (Other) is assi
33、gned for those languages not serving as native tongues but developed for international communication or some Page 2 ANSI/NISO 239.53-2001 more specific purpose. Among the languages assigned this code are Babm and Loglan. Individual artificial languages in which a sufficiently significant number of d
34、ocuments or document handling records are or have been written, recorded, or created are assigned individual language codes (e.g., EPO for Esperanto). 2.5.3 Language Code MUL (Multiple Languages) The language code M UL for Multiple Languages is assigned for those situations in which several language
35、 codes would be needed to reflect the linguistic content of a document or document handling record, and it is not practical to use all the appropriate cod es. 2.5.4 Language Code UND (Undetermined) The language code UND for Undetermined is assigned for those situations in which the agency applying t
36、he standard is unable to determine the linguistic content of a docu- ment or document handling record sufficiently to apply the appropriate individual or collective code(s). 3. Structure of the List of Language Codes 3.1 Descriptors Each language code is accompanied by a descriptor. Descriptors gene
37、rally are based on the form of language name found in Library of Congress Subject Headings. When the descriptor is changed, the code is not also changed, but remains the same. 3.2 Arrangement of the List of Language Codes The list of language codes is presented in two versions: 1. In alphabetical or
38、der by language code (see Table 1); 2. In alphabetical order by descriptor (see Table 2). A list of formerly valid but now obsolete codes is included in Table 3 4. Maintenance Agency The maintenance agency designated in the Appendix will be responsible for reviewing and acting upon suggestions for n
39、ew language codes and for maintaining a current listing of all language codes and their definitions. Questions concerning the implementa- tion of this standard and requests for information should be sent to the maintenance agency . Page 3 ANSI/NISO 239.53-2001 Page 4 ANSI/NISO 239.53-2001 Table 1: L
40、ist of Lanauaae Codes in Abhabetical Order bv Code Code aar abk ace ach ada af a af h af r aka akk alb ale ab amh ang aPa ara arc arm arn arP art arw asm at h aus ava ave aw a aYm aze bad bai bak bal bam ban baq bas bat bej bel bem ben ber bho bih bik bin bis Descriptor Afar Abkhaz Achinese Acoli Ad
41、angme Af roas at i c (Other) Afrihili (Artificial language) Afrikaans Akan Akkadian Albanian Aleut Algonquian (Other) Amharic English, Old (Ca. 450-1 100) Apache languages Arabic Aramaic Armenian M apuche Arapaho Artificial (Other) Arawak Assamese At hapascan (Other) Australian languages Avaric Aves
42、ta n Awadhi Aymara Azerbaijan i Banda Bamileke languages Bashkir Baluchi Bam bara Balinese Basque Basa Baltic (Other) Beja Belarusian Bem ba Bengali Berber (Other) Bhojpuri Bihari Bikol Bin Bislama Code bla bnt bos bra bre bt k bua bu I bur cad cai car cat cau ceb ce1 cha chb Che chi chk chm chn Cho
43、 ChP chr chu chv ChY cm c COP cor CPe bug chg cos CPf CPP cre CrP cze dak dan del CUS day Descriptor Siksika Bantu (Other) Bosnian Braj Breton Batak Buriat Bugis Bulgarian Burmese Caddo Central American Indian (Other) Carib Catalan Caucasian (Other) Cebuano Celtic (Other) Chamorro Chibcha Chechen Ch
44、agatai Chinese Tru k M ar Chinook jargon Choctaw Chipewyan Cherokee Church Slavic Chuvash Cheyenne Cham ic languages Coptic Cornish Corsican Creoles and Pidgins, English-based (Other) Creoles and Pidgins, French-based (Other) Creoles and Pidgins, Portuguese-based (Other) Cree Creoles and Pidgins (Ot
45、her) Cushitic (Other) Czech Dakota Danish Dayak Delaware Page 5 ANSI/NISO 239.53-2001 Code den din div doi d ra dua dum dut dzo dgr dY U ef i egy eka elx eng enm ePo est ewe ew o fan f ao fat f ij fin fiu fon f re f rm fro fry ful fur DescriDtor Slave Dogrib Dinka Divehi Dogri Dravidian (Other) Dual
46、a Dutch, Middle (Ca. 1050-1350) Dutch Dyula Dzongkha Efik Egypt an Ekajuk Elamite English English, Middle (Ca. 1100-1500) Esperanto Estonian Ewe Ewondo Fang Faroese Fanti Fijian Finn ish Finno-Ugrian (Other) Fon French French, Middle (Ca. 1400- 1600) French, Old (842-ca. 1400) Frisian Fu la Friulian
47、 G Gayo Gbaya Germanic (Other) Georgian German Ethiopic Gilbertese Scottish Gaelic Irish Galician M anx German, Middle High (Ca. 1050-1 500) Code goh ha hau haw heb her hi1 him hin hit hmn hmo hun hup iba bo ice ijo iku le il0 na inc ind ne ipk ira iro ita kaa kab kac ka1 kam DescriDtor German, Old
48、High (ca.750- 1050) Gondi Gorontalo Gothic Grebo Greek, Ancient (to 1453) Greek, Modern (1453- ) Guarani Gujarat i Gw ichin Haida Hausa Hawaiian Hebrew Herero Hiligaynon Him achali Hindi Hittite Hmong Hiri Motu Hungarian Hupa I ban Igbo Icelandic ijo I nu kt it ut Interlingue Iloko Interlingua (Inte
49、rnational Auxiliary Language Association) Indic (Other) Indonesian Indo-European (Other) I nu piaq Iranian (Other) Iroquoian (Other) Italian Javanese Japanese J ud eo-Pers an J ud eo-Arabic Kara-Kalpak Kabyle Kachin Kalt d I is ut Kam ba Page 6 ANSI/NISO 239.53-2001 Code kan kar kas kau kaw kaz kha khi khm kho kik kin kir kmb kok kom kon kor kos kPe kro kru kua kum kur kut lad lah lam lao lat lav lez lin lit lo1 loz Itz lua lub lui lun lu0 lus m ac m ad mag mah mai mak lug DescriDtor Kan nad a Karen Kas hm i ri Kanuri Kawi Kazakh Khasi Khoisan (Other) Khmer Khot anese K
