1、ANSI/NISO Z39.87-2006 ISSN 1041-5653 Data Dictionary Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images Abstract: This standard defines a set of metadata elements for raster digital images to enable users to develop, exchange, and interpret digital image files. The dictionary has been designed to facilitat
2、e interoperability between systems, services, and software as well as to support the long-term management of and continuing access to digital image collections. An American National Standard Developed by the National Information Standards Organization Approved December 18, 2006 by the American Natio
3、nal Standards Institute Published by: National Information Standards Organization NISO Press, Bethesda, Maryland ii 2006 NISO About NISO Standards NISO standards are developed by the Standards Committees of the National Information Standards Organization. The development process is a strenuous one t
4、hat includes a rigorous peer review of proposed standards open to each NISO Voting Member and any other interested party. Final approval of the standard involves verification by the American National Standards Institute that its requirements for due process, consensus, and other approval criteria ha
5、ve been met by NISO. Once verified and approved, NISO Standards also become American National Standards. This standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. For current information on the status of this standard contact the NISO office or visit the NISO website at: http:/www.niso.org Published by
6、 NISO Press 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300 Bethesda, MD 20814 www.niso.org Copyright 2006 by the National Information Standards Organization. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. For noncommercial purposes only, this publication may be reproduced or transm
7、itted in any form or by any means without prior permission in writing from the publisher, provided it is reproduced accurately, the source of the material is identified, and the NISO copyright status is acknowledged. All inquires regarding translations into other languages or commercial reproduction
8、 or distribution should be addressed to: NISO Press, 4733 Bethesda Avenue, Suite 300, Bethesda, MD 20814. Telephone: 301-654-2512. Email: nisohqniso.org Printed in the United States of America ISSN: 1041-5653 National Information Standard Series ISBN-10: 1-880124-66-1 ISBN-13: 978-1-880124-67-3 Data
9、 Dictionary Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images ANSI/NISO Z39.87-2006 2006 NISO iii Contents Foreword ix 1 Purpose and Scope 1 1.1 Metadata Out of Scope 1 2 Application 2 2.1 Audience 2 2.2 Design Goals2 2.3 Implementation Guidelines 3 2.3.1 Metadata Encoding .3 2.3.2 Metadata Production.3 2
10、.3.3 Metadata Assumptions .3 3 Definitions 3 4 References 4 5 Element Reference Guide 4 5.1 Documentation.4 5.2 Data types 5 5.3 Element Types and Designations 6 6 Basic Digital Object Information 6 6.1 ObjectIdentifier.7 6.1.1 objectIdentifierType.8 6.1.2 objectIdentifierValue8 6.2 fileSize9 6.3 Fo
11、rmatDesignation.9 6.3.1 formatName 9 6.3.2 formatVersion10 6.4 FormatRegistry.11 6.4.1 formatRegistryName .11 6.4.2 formatRegistryKey.11 6.5 byteOrder .12 6.6 Compression 12 6.6.1 compressionScheme.12 6.6.2 compressionSchemeLocalList 13 6.6.3 compressionSchemeLocalValue.13 6.6.4 compressionRatio .14
12、 ANSI/NISO Z39.87-2006 Data Dictionary Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images iv 2006 NISO 6.7 Fixity.14 6.7.1 messageDigestAlgorithm 14 6.7.2 messageDigest .15 6.7.3 messageDigestOriginator .16 7 Basic Image Information 16 7.1 BasicImageCharacteristics 16 7.1.1 imageWidth .17 7.1.2 imageHeight
13、18 7.1.3 PhotometricInterpretation18 7.1.3.1 colorSpace19 7.1.3.2 ColorProfile.20 7.1.3.2.1 IccProfile20 7.1.3.2.1.1 iccProfileName .21 7.1.3.2.1.2 iccProfileVersion 21 7.1.3.2.1.3 iccProfileURL21 7.1.3.2.2 LocalProfile22 7.1.3.2.2.1 localProfileName 22 7.1.3.2.2.2 localProfileURL 22 7.1.3.2.3 embed
14、dedProfile .23 7.1.3.3 YCbCr.23 7.1.3.3.1 yCbCrSubSampling.23 7.1.3.3.2 yCbCrPositioning.24 7.1.3.3.3 yCbCrCoefficients .24 7.1.3.4 referenceBlackWhite 24 7.2 SpecialFormatCharacteristics 25 7.2.1 JPEG2000.26 7.2.1.1 CodecCompliance 27 7.2.1.1.1 codec.27 7.2.1.1.2 codecVersion.27 7.2.1.1.3 codestrea
15、mProfile .28 7.2.1.1.4 complianceClass (cClass).28 7.2.1.2 EncodingOptions 28 7.2.1.2.1 tiles 29 7.2.1.2.2 qualityLayers .29 7.2.1.2.3 resolutionLevels 29 7.2.2 MrSID 30 7.2.2.1 zoomLevels 30 7.2.3 Djvu .30 7.2.3.1 djvuFormat31 8 Image Capture Metadata 31 8.1 SourceInformation31 8.1.1 sourceType .32
16、 8.1.2 SourceID .33 8.1.2.1 sourceIDType .34 8.1.2.2 sourceIDValue 34 8.1.3 SourceSize34 8.1.3.1 SourceXDimension.35 8.1.3.1.1 sourceXDimensionValue.35 8.1.3.1.2 sourceXDimensionUnit36 8.1.3.2 SourceYDimension.36 8.1.3.2.1 sourceYDimensionValue.36 8.1.3.2.2 sourceYDimensionUnit37 Data Dictionary Tec
17、hnical Metadata for Digital Still Images ANSI/NISO Z39.87-2006 2006 NISO v 8.1.3.3 SourceZDimension.37 8.1.3.3.1 sourceZDimensionValue .38 8.1.3.3.2 sourceZDimensionUnit38 8.2 GeneralCaptureInformation .38 8.2.1 dateTimeCreated 39 8.2.2 imageProducer39 8.2.3 captureDevice .40 8.3 ScannerCapture.40 8
18、.3.1 scannerManufacturer 41 8.3.2 ScannerModel.41 8.3.2.1 scannerModelName .42 8.3.2.2 scannerModelNumber 42 8.3.2.3 scannerModelSerialNo .42 8.3.3 maximumOpticalResolution 42 8.3.4 scannerSensor43 8.3.5 ScanningSystemSoftware.43 8.3.5.1 scanningSoftwareName .43 8.3.5.2 scanningSoftwareVersionNo 44
19、8.4 DigitalCameraCapture44 8.4.1 digitalCameraManufacturer.45 8.4.2 DigitalCameraModel45 8.4.2.1 digitalCameraModelName46 8.4.2.2 digitalCameraModelNumber.46 8.4.2.3 digitalCameraModelSerialNo46 8.4.3 cameraSensor.46 8.4.4 CameraCaptureSettings .47 8.4.4.1 ImageData 48 8.4.4.1.1 fNumber.48 8.4.4.1.2
20、 exposureTime48 8.4.4.1.3 exposureProgram49 8.4.4.1.4 spectralSensitivity49 8.4.4.1.5 isoSpeedRatings .50 8.4.4.1.6 oECF .50 8.4.4.1.7 exifVersion.51 8.4.4.1.8 shutterSpeedValue51 8.4.4.1.9 apertureValue51 8.4.4.1.10 brightnessValue.52 8.4.4.1.11 exposureBiasValue .52 8.4.4.1.12 maxApertureValue.53
21、8.4.4.1.13 subjectDistance .53 8.4.4.1.14 meteringMode .53 8.4.4.1.15 lightSource 54 8.4.4.1.16 flash.55 8.4.4.1.17 focalLength56 8.4.4.1.18 flashEnergy .56 8.4.4.1.19 backLight .56 8.4.4.1.20 exposureIndex.57 8.4.4.1.21 sensingMethod 57 8.4.4.1.22 cfaPattern 57 8.4.4.1.23 autoFocus58 8.4.4.1.24 Pri
22、ntAspectRatio58 8.4.4.1.24.1 xPrintAspectRatio.58 8.4.4.1.24.2 yPrintAspectRatio.59 ANSI/NISO Z39.87-2006 Data Dictionary Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images vi 2006 NISO 8.4.4.2 GPSData.59 8.4.4.2.1 gpsVersionID.60 8.4.4.2.2 gpsLatitudeRef 60 8.4.4.2.3 gpsLatitude60 8.4.4.2.4 gpsLongitudeRe
23、f .61 8.4.4.2.5 gpsLongitude.61 8.4.4.2.6 gpsAltitudeRef .61 8.4.4.2.7 gpsAltitude.62 8.4.4.2.8 gpsTimeStamp 62 8.4.4.2.9 gpsSatellites 62 8.4.4.2.10 gpsStatus 63 8.4.4.2.11 gpsMeasureMode63 8.4.4.2.12 gpsDOP.63 8.4.4.2.13 gpsSpeedRef.64 8.4.4.2.14 gpsSpeed 64 8.4.4.2.15 gpsTrackRef 64 8.4.4.2.16 gp
24、sTrack65 8.4.4.2.17 gpsImgDirectionRef.65 8.4.4.2.18 gpsImgDirection 65 8.4.4.2.19 gpsMapDatum .66 8.4.4.2.20 gpsDestLatitudeRef.66 8.4.4.2.21 gpsDestLatitude 66 8.4.4.2.22 gpsDestLongitudeRef67 8.4.4.2.23 gpsDestLongitude .67 8.4.4.2.24 gpsDestBearingRef .68 8.4.4.2.25 gpsDestBearing.68 8.4.4.2.26
25、gpsDestDistanceRef68 8.4.4.2.27 gpsDestDistance .69 8.4.4.2.28 gpsProcessingMethod.69 8.4.4.2.29 gpsAreaInformation.69 8.4.4.2.30 gpsDateStamp.69 8.4.4.2.31 gpsDifferential .70 8.5 orientation 70 8.6 methodology.71 9 Image Assessment Metadata 71 9.1 SpatialMetrics.72 9.1.1 samplingFrequencyPlane .73
26、 9.1.2 samplingFrequencyUnit 74 9.1.2.1 xSamplingFrequency74 9.1.2.2 ySamplingFrequency75 9.2 ImageColorEncoding75 9.2.1 BitsPerSample 76 9.2.1.1 bitsPerSampleValue.77 9.2.1.2 bitsPerSampleUnit78 9.2.2 samplesPerPixel .78 9.2.3 extraSamples 79 9.2.4 Colormap.79 9.2.4.1 colormapReference 79 9.2.4.2 e
27、mbeddedColormap.80 9.2.5 grayResponseCurve .80 9.2.6 grayResponseUnit.81 Data Dictionary Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images ANSI/NISO Z39.87-2006 2006 NISO vii 9.2.7 WhitePoint.81 9.2.7.1 whitePointXValue .81 9.2.7.2 whitePointYValue .82 9.2.8 PrimaryChromaticities.82 9.2.8.1 primaryChromat
28、icitiesRedX82 9.2.8.2 primaryChromaticitiesRedY83 9.2.8.3 primaryChromaticitiesGreenX 83 9.2.8.4 primaryChromaticitiesGreenY 83 9.2.8.5 primaryChromaticitiesBlueX .84 9.2.8.6 primaryChromaticitiesBlueY .84 9.3 TargetData .84 9.3.1 targetType.85 9.3.2 TargetID 86 9.3.2.1 targetManufacturer .86 9.3.2.
29、2 targetName.86 9.3.2.3 targetNo87 9.3.2.4 targetMedia.87 9.3.3 externalTarget.87 9.3.4 performanceData 88 10 Change History 88 10.1 ImageProcessing .90 10.1.1 dateTimeProcessed 91 10.1.2 sourceData91 10.1.3 processingAgency.92 10.1.4 processingRationale92 10.1.5 ProcessingSoftware 93 10.1.5.1 proce
30、ssingSoftwareName 93 10.1.5.2 processingSoftwareVersion93 10.1.5.3 processingOperatingSystemName.94 10.1.5.4 processingOperatingSystemVersion94 10.1.6 processingActions.94 10.2 Previous Image Metadata 95 Appendix A (informative) Z39.87 XML schema: MIX 96 Appendix B (informative) Summary of Data Dict
31、ionary Elements 97 B.1. Containers97 B.2. Summary of All Elements.98 Appendix C (informative) Bibliography 105 ANSI/NISO Z39.87-2006 Data Dictionary Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images viii 2006 NISO Figures Figure 1: Logical structure of basic digital object information.7 Figure 2: Logical
32、structure of BasicImageCharacteristics.17 Figure 3: Logical structure of SpecialFormatCharacteristics 26 Figure 4: Logical structure of SourceInformation32 Figure 5: Logical structure of GeneralCaptureInformation39 Figure 6: Logical structure of ScannerCapture .41 Figure 7: Logical structure of Digi
33、talCameraCapture45 Figure 8: Digital conversion of Intermediate; indirect conversion of Source.72 Figure 9: Direct digital conversion of Source 72 Figure 10: Logical structure of SpatialMetrics.73 Figure 11: Logical structure of ImageColorEncoding76 Figure 12: Logical structure of TargetData .85 Fig
34、ure 13: Logical structure of change history for transformed image file90 Data Dictionary Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images ANSI/NISO Z39.87-2006 2006 NISO ix Foreword (This Foreword is not part of ANSI/NISO Z39.87-2006, Data Dictionary Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images. It is inc
35、luded for information only.) Cultural institutions and commercial organizations are increasingly engaged in creating libraries of digital still images. A major challenge in making these collections persist is to build systems, defined broadly as “digital repositories,” that maintain functionality an
36、d quality intrinsic to images. One management strategy, migration, proposes to preserve image data by copying files to new formats at designated intervals. The premise that underlies migration also informs new concepts of preservation: digital technologies offer the unprecedented opportunity to pres
37、erve content without any loss of information from generation to generation. Whether this is possible, and under what conditions, are two of the questions that led the National Information Standards Organization, the Council on Library and Information Resources, and the RLG to sponsor an “Image Metad
38、ata Workshop” in April 1999. The goal of the workshop was to launch a collaborative effort to define a set of metadata elements to document technical attributes of digital still images. The workshop organizers observed that cultural institutions had been focusing primarily on defining descriptive me
39、tadata for the purpose of discovery and identification, and that comparatively little work had been done to codify technical attributes of digital images and their production. Workshop participants agreed that technical metadata is necessary to support two fundamental goals: to document image proven
40、ance and history (production metadata); and to ensure that image data will be rendered accurately on output (to screen, print, or film). Several participants also observed that ongoing management, or “preservation,” of these core functions will require the development of applications to validate, pr
41、ocess, refresh, and migrate image data against criteria encoded as technical metadata. Two overarching goals led NISO to develop this data dictionary. The first is to identify the data elements that would be used by applications to control transformations of images against stated metrics (or “anchor
42、s”) for meaningful quality attributes such as detail, tone, color, and size. The second is to propose elements that would be used by digital repository managers, curators, or imaging specialists to assess the current value (aesthetic or functional) of a given image or collection of images. Technical
43、 Committee AU is indebted to four working groups that have developed technical metadata specifications for digital still images: Digital Imaging Group (DIG), DIG35 Working Group. (Developers of Metadata for Digital Images, version 1.1, June 18, 2001.) ISO Technical Committee 42, Photography. (Develo
44、pers of ISO 12234-2:2001, Photography Electronic still picture imaging Removable memory Part 2: TIFF/EP Image data format, October 25, 2001.) Adobe Developers Association. (Developers of TIFF, Revision 6.0, Final, June 3, 1992.) Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies (PREMIS) Working Group
45、. (Developers of the Data Dictionary for Preservation Metadata, May 2005.) They are also indebted to the authors of the original draft data dictionary: Stephen Chapman (Harvard University) and Donald Williams (Eastman Kodak). The original draft data dictionary relied heavily on the TIFF and TIFF/EP
46、file format specifications for its elements and construction. Over the past two years however, several promising file formats have been developed and released, particularly Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) 2000 and DNG (Digital Negative). This version of Z39.87 should be flexible enough to re
47、cord information about those formats, but we recommend that the next version be more fully harmonized with their extensive internal metadata schemes. ANSI/NISO Z39.87-2006 Data Dictionary Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images x 2006 NISO NISO Voting Members At the time this standard was approv
48、ed, NISO had the following Voting Members: 3M Susan Boettcher, Roger D. Larson (Alt) American Association of Law Libraries Robert L. Oakley, Mary Alice Baish (Alt) American Chemical Society Matthew Toussant American Library Association Betty Landesman American Society for Information Science and Tec
49、hnology (ASIS technical metadata specified in this standard “ should be considered informational and not be used to decode the image data stored in the associated file.” (DIG35, 3.2.1, emphasis added) Regarding metadata conflicts, “. if there is a conflict . the file header shall always take precedence.” (DIG35, 3.2.1) 3 Definitions Definitions for the elements listed in this standard are included in the individual clauses describing each element. ANSI/NISO Z39.87-2006 Data Dictionary Technical Metadata for Digital Still Images 4 2
