1、SPRINGER BRIEFS IN OCEANOGRAPHYArthur N. Popper Anthony D. Hawkins Richard R. FayDavid A. Mann Soraya Bartol Thomas J. CarlsonSheryl Coombs William T. Ellison Roger L. GentryMichele B. Halvorsen Svein Lkkeborg Peter H. RogersBrandon L. Southall David G. Zeddies William N. TavolgaASA S3/SC1.4 TR-2014
2、Sound Exposure Guidelinesfor Fishes and Sea Turtles:A Technical Report prepared by ANSI-Accredited Standards CommitteeS3/SC1 and registered with ANSISpringerBriefs in OceanographyFor further volumes:http:/ The ASA Press The ASA Press imprint represents a collaboration between the Acoustical Society
3、of America and Springer dedicated to encouraging the publication of important new books in acoustics. Published titles are intended to refl ect the full range of research in acoustics. ASA Press books can include all types of books published by Springer and may appear in any appropriate Springer boo
4、k series. Editorial Board James Cottingham (Chair), Coe College Diana Deutsch, University of California, San Diego Mark Hamilton, University of Texas at Austin William Hartmann, Michigan State University Philip Marston, Washington State University Allan Pierce, Boston University Arthur N. Popper, Un
5、iversity of Maryland Erica Ryherd, Georgia Tech Andrea Megela Simmons, Brown University Martin Siderius, Portland State University Ning Xiang, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute William Yost, Arizona State University Arthur N. Popper Anthony D. Hawkins Richard R. Fay David A. MannSoraya Bartol Thomas
6、J. CarlsonSheryl Coombs William T. EllisonRoger L. Gentry Michele B. HalvorsenSvein Lkkeborg Peter H. RogersBrandon L. Southall David G. ZeddiesWilliam N. Tavolga ASA S3/SC1.4 TR-2014Sound Exposure Guidelines for Fishes and Sea Turtles:A Technical Report prepared by ANSI-Accredited Standards Committ
7、ee S3/SC1 and registered with ANSI Registered with ANSI on 20 April 2014ISSN 2196-1212 ISSN 2196-1220 (electronic)ISBN 978-3-319-06658-5 ISBN 978-3-319-06659-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-06659-2 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014940282 Acou
8、stical Society of America 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in
9、 any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis
10、 or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publishers location, in its curr
11、ent version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer or the Acoustical Society of America. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descri
12、ptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this b
13、ook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained her
14、ein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media () Arthur N. Popper Department of Biology , University of Maryland College Park , MD 20742 , USA apopperumd.edu Anthony D. Hawkins Loughine Ltd , Aberdeen , AB12 5YT , UK Richard R. Fay Marine Biological Laboratory
15、Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole , MA 02540 , USA David A. Mann Loggerhead Instruments , Sarasota , FL 34233 , USA Soraya Bartol Biology Department , Virginia Wesleyan College Norfolk , VA 23502 , USA sbartolvwc.edu Thomas J. Carlson ProBioSound LLC, Holmes Beach , FL 34217 , USA S
16、heryl Coombs Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State University Bowling Green , OH 43403 , USA scoombsbgnet.bgsu.edu William T. Ellison Marine Acoustics, Inc. , Middletown , RI 03801 , USA WEMAI Roger L. Gentry ProScience Consulting, LLC Dickerson , MD 20842 , USA R Michele B. Halvorsen
17、 CSA Ocean Sciences , Stuart , FL 34997 , USA Svein Lkkeborg Institute of Marine Research , Bergen 05005 , Norway svein.loekkeborgimr.no Peter H. Rogers School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta , GA 30332 , USA peter.rogersme.gatech.edu Brandon L. Southall Southall E
18、nvironmental Associates Inc. Aptos , CA 95003 , USA brandon.southallsea- David G. Zeddies JASCO Applied Sciences Silver Spring , MD 20902 , USA William N. Tavolga Sensory Biology and Behavior Mote Marine Laboratory , Sarasota , FL 34231 , USA T Acoustical Soci ety of America The mission of the Acou
19、stical Society of America ( www.acousticalsociety.org ) is to increase and diffuse the knowledge of acoustics and promote its practical applications. The ASA is recognized as the worlds premier international scientifi c society in acoustics, and counts among its more than 7,000 members professionals
20、 in the fi elds of bioacoustics, engineering, architecture, speech, music, oceanography, signal processing, sound and vibration, and noise control. Since its fi rst meeting in 1929, The Acoustical Society of America has enjoyed a healthy growth in membership and in stature. The present membership of
21、 approximately 7,000 includes leaders in acoustics in the United States of America and other countries. The Society has attracted members from various fi elds related to sound including engineering, physics, oceanography, life sciences, noise and noise control, architectural acoustics; psychological
22、 and physiological acoustics; applied acoustics; music and musical instruments; speech communication; ultrasonics, radiation, and scattering; mechanical vibrations and shock; underwater sound; aeroacoustics; macrosonics; acoustical signal processing; bioacoustics; and many more topics. To assure ade
23、quate attention to these separate fi elds and to new ones that may develop, the Society establishes technical committees and technical groups charged with keeping abreast of developments and needs of the membership in their specialized fi elds. This diversity and the opportunity it provides for inte
24、rchange of knowledge and points of view has become one of the strengths of the Society. The Societys publishing program has historically included the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , the magazine Acoustics Today ( www.acousticstoday.org ), a newsletter, and various books authored by it
25、s members across the many topical areas of acoustics. In addition, ASA members are involved in the development of acoustical standards concerned with terminology, measurement procedures, and criteria for determining the effects of noise and vibration. Anthony D. Hawkins, reproduced with permission v
26、iiAbst ract This Technical Report presents the outcome of a Working Group that was estab-lished to determine broadly applicable sound exposure guidelines for fi shes and sea turtles. After consideration of the diversity of fi sh and sea turtles, guidelines were developed for broad groups of animals,
27、 defi ned by the way they detect sound. Different sound sources were considered in terms of their acoustic characteristics and appropriate metrics defi ned for measurement of the received levels. The resul-tant sound exposure guidelines are presented in a set of tables. In some cases numer-ical guid
28、elines are provided, expressed in appropriate metrics. When there were insuffi cient data to support numerical values, the relative likelihood of effects occurring was evaluated, although the actual likelihood of effects depends on the received level. These sound exposure guidelines, which are based
29、 on the best scien-tifi c information at the time of writing, should be treated as interim. The expectation is that with more research, the guidelines can be refi ned and more cells in the tables completed. Recommendations are put forward defi ning the research requirements of highest priority for e
30、xtending these interim exposure guidelines. ixForeword This Foreword is for information only , and is not a part of the Technical Report ASA S3 / SC1.4 TR - 2014 Sound Exposure Guidelines for Fishes and Sea Turtles . This Technical Report comprises a part of a group of defi nitions, standards, and s
31、pecifi cations for use in animal bioacoustics. It was developed and approved by Accredited Standards Committee S3/SC 1 Animal Bioacoustics, under its approved operating procedures. Those procedures have been accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The Scope of Accredited Stan
32、dards Committee S3/SC 1 is as follows:Standards, specifi cations, methods of measurement and test, instrumentation, and terminol-ogy in the fi eld of psychological and physiological acoustics, including aspects of general acoustics which pertain to biological safety, tolerance, and comfort of non-hu
33、man animals, including both risk to individual animals and to the long-term viability of populations. Animals to be covered may potentially include commercially grown food animals; animals harvested for food in the wild; pets; laboratory animals; exotic species in zoos, oceanaria or aquariums; or fr
34、ee-ranging wild animals. Publication of this Technical Report that has been registered with ANSI has been approved by the ANSI-Accredited Standards Committee S3/SC 1, Animal Bioacoustics. This document is registered as a Technical Report according to the Procedures for the Registration of Technical
35、Reports with ANSI. This document is not an American National Standard and the material contained herein is not norma-tive in nature. Comments on the content of this document should be sent to Standards Secretariat of the Acoustical Society of America, 1305 Walt Whitman Rd., Ste. 300 Melville, New Yo
36、rk 11747-4300. Telephone: 631-390-0215; FAX: 631-923-2875; E-mail: asastdsaip.org. As required by ASC S3/SC 1s operating procedures, this Technical Report will be subjected to periodic review by ASC S3/SC 1 at least every fi ve years. However, it is possible that the committee will revise or withdra
37、w it at any time. Users should check to confi rm if a newer version is available. The rationale for publishing this technical report is detailed in the Introduction. xAt the time this Technical Report was submitted to Accredited Standards Committee S3/SC 1, Animal Bioacoustics, for approval the memb
38、ership was as follows: D.K. Delaney, Chair M.C. Hastings, Vice Chair S.B. Blaeser, Secretary Acoustical Society of America M.C. Hastings American Academy of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery R.A. Dobie American Speech-Language-Hearing Association B.M. Ryals N. DiSarno (Alt.) G.R.A.S. Sound Johns
39、on 2012 ; Lewandowski et al. 2012 ; Tasker 2012 , 2015 ; Dekeling et al. 2015 ; Gedamke et al. 2015 ). There is also often a requirement to prepare environmental assessments or statements that can lead to mitigation measures and/or restrictions for proposed activities. Because few scientifi c data a
40、re available regarding the effects of sound, particularly for fi shes and sea turtles, assessment procedures and subsequent regula-tory and mitigation measures are often severely limited in their relevance and effi cacy. This creates uncertainty among all stakeholders as to how sound-producing explo
41、ra-tion and operations should proceed. In 1998 the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) convened an international panel of experts to prepare noise exposure guidelines for marine mammals. NOAAs intent was to provide its regulatory staff with the means of issuing permits on und
42、erwater noise production based on a set of orga-nized principles and facts instead of on a case-by-case basis. The aim was to reduce regulatory uncertainty for all stakeholders by replacing precaution with scientifi c facts. The panels initial guidelines appeared in a seminal paper (Southall et al.
43、2007 ). In 2004, NOAA convened a similar panel to develop noise exposure criteria for fi shes and turtles with the same goals in mind. It included three members of the marine mammal panel (WTE, RLG, and BLS) for continuity. When NOAAs support for this effort ended in 2006, the panel was organized as
44、 a Working Group (WG) under the ANSI-Accredited Standards Committee S3/SC 1, Animal Bioacoustics, which is sponsored by the Acoustical Society of America. In addition, this Working Group, through its own efforts, obtained external funding for the project (see Acknowledgements). The Working Group met
45、 eight times between 2004 and 2010. It gathered and reviewed papers from both the peer-review and grey literature that presented data on the exposure of fi sh and sea turtles to Chapter 1 Introduction 2various sound sources. Subsequent smaller meetings were held from 2011 to 2013 to review and fi na
46、lize this manuscript. During that time, fi ndings were updated and the revised document was continuously reviewed by the whole Working Group. The guidelines presented here are primarily based on data in the peer-reviewed literature up until mid-2013. These Guidelines represents the Working Groups co
47、nsensus efforts to establish broadly applicable sound exposure guidelines for fi shes and sea turtles across the complete range of taxa and sound types, and to consider many impacts, rather than just injury. The Working Group adopts some of the general approaches used to set sound exposure guideline
48、s for marine mammals (Southall et al. 2007 ). However, several factors make the present Guidelines differ in format and conclusions from Southall et al. ( 2007 ). These factors include:1) There are more than 32,000 species of fi sh compared to about 130 species of marine mammals; 2) Fishes are much more diverse anatomically, physiologically, ecologically, and behaviorally than are marine mammals; 3) Most fi shes respond to the parti
