1、 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 127 Hydraulics of Wells Design, Construction, Testing, and Maintenance of Water Well Systems Prepared by the Task Committee on Hydraulics of Wells of the Groundwater Hydrology Technical Committee of the Groundwater Council and Watershed Council o
2、f the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers Edited by Nazeer Ahmed , Ph.D., P.E. ; Stewart W. Taylor , Ph.D., P.E. ; and Zhuping Sheng , Ph.D., P.E. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hydraulics of wells : design, construction, testing
3、, and maintenance of water well systems / prepared by the Task Committee on Hydraulics of Wells of the Groundwater Hydrology Technical Committee of the Groundwater Council and Watershed Council of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers ; edited by
4、Nazeer Ahmed, P.E., Stewart W. Taylor, Ph.D., P.E., and Zhuping Sheng, Ph.D., P.E. pages cm (ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice; No. 127) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7844-1273-2 (print : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7844-7826-4 (ebook) 1. Wells. 2. Hydrogeology.
5、 3. Hydrology. I. Ahmed, Nazeer. II. Environmental and Water Resources Institute (U.S.). Task Committee on Hydraulics of Wells. TD405.H93 2014 628.114dc23 2013047661 Published by American Society of Civil Engineers 1801 Alexander Bell Drive Reston, Virginia, 20191-4382 www.asce.org/bookstore | ascel
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12、-7844-7826-4 (PDF) Manufactured in the United States of America. MANUALS AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE (As developed by the ASCE Technical Procedures Committee, July 1930, and revised March 1935, February 1962, and April 1982) A manual or report in this series consists of an orderly presentati
13、on of facts on a particular subject, supplemented by an analysis of limitations and applications of these facts. It contains information useful to average engineers in their everyday work, rather than the fi ndings that may be useful only occasionally or rarely. It is not in any sense a “standard,”
14、however; nor is it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule of thumb” for nonengineers. Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (which expressed only one person s observations or opinions), is the work of a committee or group selected to assemble and express inf
15、ormation on a specifi c topic. As often as practicable the committee is under the direction of one or more of the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the product evolved has been subjected to review by the Executive Committee of the Division or Council. As a step in the process of this review, pro
16、posed manuscripts are often brought before the members of the Technical Divi-sions and Councils for comment, which may serve as the basis for improve-ment. When published, each work shows the names of the committees by which it was compiled and indicates clearly the several processes through which i
17、t has passed in review, in order that its merit may be defi nitely understood. In February 1962 (and revised in April 1982) the Board of Direction voted to establish a series titled “Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice,” to include the Manuals published and authorized to date, future Manuals
18、 of Professional Practice, and Reports on Engineering Prac-tice. All such Manual or Report material of the Society would have been refereed in a manner approved by the Board Committee on Publications and would be bound, with applicable discussion, in books similar to past manuals. Numbering would be
19、 consecutive and would be a continuation of present manual numbers. In some cases of reports of joint committees, bypassing of journal publica-tions may be authorized. A list of available Manuals of Practice can be found at http:/www.asce.org/bookstore. This page intentionally left blank vCONTENTSCO
20、NTRIBUTORS xiPREFACE . xviiINTRODUCTION xix1. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF GROUNDWATER FLOW . 1Bruce L. Jacobs1.1 General 11.2 Hydrologic Cycle 21.3 Porous Media . 31.4 Aquifer Systems 51.5 Aquifer Storage . 111.6 Darcy Equation 151.7 Basic Equations of Groundwater Flow . 241.8 Aquifer Flow 261.9 Summary
21、 291.10 Solved Design Example 1 301.11 Solved Design Example 2 311.12 References . 342. HEAD LOSSES, TOTAL DRAWDOWN, TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD, AND EFFICIENCY OF WATER-WELL SYSTEMS 37Nazeer Ahmed and James A. Cardle2.1 General 372.2 Head Loss in the Suction Pipe 552.3 Head Loss in the Delivery Pipe 562.4 T
22、otal Dynamic Head . 582.5 Effi ciency of Water-Well Systems . 652.6 Solved Design Example 1 72vi CONTENTS2.7 Solved Design Example 2 762.8 Solved Design Example 3 792.9 References . 813. DESIGN OF WATER WELLS . 83Otto Helweg, Zohrab Samani, Jorge Garcia, Rao Govindaraju, Dinesh R. Katti, and Clinton
23、 Willson3.1 General 833.2 Design of Borehole, Casing, and Screen . 853.3 Design of Filter Pack 913.4 Design of Well Screen . 1013.5 Economic Considerations in Design 1053.6 Summary 1203.7 References . 1204. CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND TESTING OF WATER WELLS 123Dennis E. Williams4.1 General 1234.2
24、 Site Assessment for Potential Municipal Water Well Sites . 1254.3 Drilling, Installation, and Cementing of Conductor Casing . 1334.4 Drilling the Borehole 1344.5 Geophysical Borehole Logging . 1644.6 Isolated Aquifer Zone Testing 1704.7 Water Quality and Yield 1714.8 Well Destruction Methods . 1724
25、.9 Mechanical Grading Analyses 1954.10 Lithologic Descriptions of Formation Materials Using Unifi ed Soil Classifi cation System . 1964.11 Preparation for Well Completion . 1964.12 Installation of Casing, Screen, and Filter Pack. 2014.13 Interaquifer Seals 2054.14 Principles of Well Development . 20
26、54.15 Final Development with Deep Well Turbine Pump (Vertical Line Shaft) 2114.16 Pumping Tests . 2134.17 Flowmeter (Spinner) Survey . 2294.18 Collecting Water Quality Samples at the End of the Constant-Rate Test 2304.19 Miscellaneous Final Tasks . 2304.20 Final Report including Analysis . 2344.21 A
27、cknowledgments 2354.22 References . 235CONTENTS vii5. CORROSION OF WATER WELLS . 239Robert G. McLaughlan5.1 General 2395.2 Theory of Corrosion . 2395.3 Types of Corrosion 2425.4 Corrosive Properties of Water . 2465.5 Corrosion of Water-Well Systems . 2485.6 Prediction of Corrosion 2515.7 Evaluation
28、of Corrosion Rate Data 2575.8 Protective Measures for Corrosion. 2595.9 Troubleshooting for Well Corrosion 2635.10 Solved Design Example 1 2645.11 References . 2826. INCRUSTATION OF WATER WELLS . 285John H. Schneiders6.1 General 2856.2 Theory of Incrustation 2856.3 Analysis of Groundwater 2866.4 For
29、ms of Incrustation . 2906.5 Causes of Incrustation 2906.6 Effects of Velocity, Pressure, and Temperature Changes 2916.7 Chemical Incrustation 2926.8 Physical Incrustation 2936.9 Biological Incrustation . 2946.10 Character of Iron Deposits 2976.11 Field Testing of Incrustation . 2986.12 Timely Mainte
30、nance . 2996.13 Acid Treatment 3016.14 Chlorine Treatment . 3056.15 Polyphosphate Treatment 3086.16 Design Considerations to Prevent Well Fouling 3096.17 References . 3126.18 Recommended Reading . 3127. WELLHEAD PROTECTION FOR WATER WELLS 315Zohrab Samani and Jorge Garcia7.1 General 3157.2 Wellhead
31、Protection and Wellhead Protection Area . 3167.3 Fundamentals of Groundwater Flow and Contaminant Transport 3187.4 Delineation Methods for the Wellhead Protection Area 3227.5 A Case Study . 3297.6 Summary 3357.7 References . 336viii CONTENTS8. MAINTENANCE OF WATER WELLS . 337Stuart A. Smith8.1 Gener
32、al 3378.2 Causes of Well Performance: Problems and Failures . 3378.3 Preventive Material, Design, and Treatment Choices to Avoid Well Performance Decline and Failure . 3408.4 Preventive Maintenance, Monitoring Methods, and Records . 3518.5 Schedule of Well Maintenance Activities 3568.6 Economics of
33、Well Maintenance . 3568.7 The Future: Field and Laboratory Research on Well Maintenance . 3608.8 Solved Design Example 1 3608.9 Solved Design Example 2 3678.10 References . 370APPENDIX A. EXAMPLE OF A WATER-WELL SYSTEM DESIGN 373Dennis E. WilliamsA.1 General 373A.2 Hydrogeology . 375A.3 Groundwater
34、377A.4 Well Site Characteristics 380A.5 Technical Aspects of Water Wells 383A.6 Geophysical Logging and Aquifer Zone Testing 384A.7 Design Aspects of Water Wells 387A.8 Pumping Tests 392A.9 Video Survey, Plumbness, and Alignment 399A.10 Well Equipping, Operation, and Maintenance . 399A.11 Acknowledg
35、ments . 401APPENDIX B. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR DRILLING, CONSTRUCTING, AND TESTING OF WATER WELLS 405Dennis E. WilliamsB.1 General 405B.2 Drilling Method and Equipment 417B.3 Well Construction Sequence 423B.4 Testing For Yield and Drawdown . 441B.5 Video Survey 445B.6 Well Disinfection 445B.7 F
36、igures . 447B.8 Attachments 448APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY . 455CONTENTS ixAPPENDIX D. NOTATION 471APPENDIX E. SI UNIT PREFIXES . 483APPENDIX F. CONVERSION TABLE AND USEFUL CONSTANTS . 485INDEX 491This page intentionally left blank xiCONTRIBUTORS During the past few decades a large number of papers in the
37、ground-water realm were presented at the annual conferences of the Hydraulics Division of the ASCE. From these presentations and resulting discus-sions, it became very clear that greater reliance is being placed on the extraction and utilization of groundwater resources for domestic and commercial w
38、ater supplies. However, it also became apparent that there is no single document available in the market that addresses the prob-lems facing the water well industry with regard to securing safe water supplies from groundwater resources and protection of water wells and pumping equipment. It was felt
39、 that design professionals were limited regarding reference material concerning the complete water well system design including the design of hydraulic parameters and deterioration caused by corrosion, incrustation, and poor maintenance. Also, there was a defi nite need for reliable information for
40、repair and replacement of well materials and pumping equipment, as well as for testing procedures to design well discharge rates, total dynamic head, plant effi ciency, and power parameters. To achieve the desired objectives of worldwide economical supplies of groundwater, in August 1998 a Task Comm
41、ittee on Hydraulics of Wells of the future Environmental and Water Resources Institute (EWRI) of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) was formed under the stew-ardship of the parent Groundwater Hydrology Technical Committee. The following are the members of the Control Group of the Task Co
42、mmittee on Hydraulics of Wells.Nazeer Ahmed, Chair and Secretary Tom W. Anderson, Vice Chair I xii CONTRIBUTORSBruce L. Jacobs, Vice Chair II Otto J. Helweg, Control Member Conrad G. Keyes, Jr., Control Member The primary objective of the newly formed task committee was to review current published d
43、ata most pertinent to water wells and deep-well turbine pumps, as well as to develop a manual describing well design, construction, testing, operation, rehabilitation, and maintenance of water wells and pumping equipment. The functionality of the manual required development of a comprehensive techni
44、cal reference focusing on waters-supply wells and pumping equipment. Potential users of this manual were considered to be engineers, hydrogeologists, consulting fi rms, public offi cials, private well owners, state and federal agencies, business communities, administrators, managers, municipal perso
45、nnel, and colleges and universities. Well hydraulics is a multidisciplinary fi eld in modern human history and, therefore, a global search was launched to solicit experts in a number of areas associated with hydraulics of wells, such as agriculture, agricul-tural engineering, biology, chemistry, che
46、mical engineering, civil engi-neering, electrical engineering, hydrogeology, geochemistry, geophysics, geology, geological engineering, mechanical engineering, metallurgical engineering, microbiology, plant pathology, and the like. The writers, reviewers, advisors, and benefactors who volunteered to
47、 serve on the newly formed Task Committee on Hydraulics of Wells, their names along with their degrees, areas of expertise, and nationalities are given as follows.Nazeer Ahmed, Ph.D., P.E., Civil Engineering, U.S.A. Jerry Lee Anderson, Ph.D., P.E., Civil Engineering, U.S.A. T. W. Anderson, B.S., P.H
48、., Civil Engineering, U.S.A. James A. Cardle, Ph.D., P.E., Civil Engineering, U.S.A. Jacques Delleur, Ph.D., P.E., Civil Engineering, U.S.A. David L. Fowler, B.S., Geology, U.S.A. Lloyd C. Fowler, M.S., P. E., Civil Engineering, U.S.A. Peter Fox, Ph.D., P.E., Civil Engineering, U.S.A. Jorge Garcia,
49、Ph.D., P.E., Civil Engineering, U.S.A. Randall (Randy) W. Gentry, Ph.D., P.E., Civil Engineering, U.S.A. Rao S. Govindaraju, Ph.D., Civil Engineering, U.S.A. Otto J.Helweg, Ph.D., P.E., Civil Engineering, U.S.A. Bruce L. Jacobs, Ph.D., P.E., Environmental Engineering, U.S.A. Charles R.C. Jones, M.Sc., Civil Engineering, U.K. Dinesh R. Katti, Ph.D., P.E., Civil Engineering, USA Conrad G. Keyes, Jr., Sc.D., P.E., Civil Engineering, U.S.A. Robert G. McLaughlan, Ph.D., Applied Sci
