1、 Agricultural SalinityAssessment andManagement, Second EditionPrepared by the Water Quality Technical Committee ofthe Irrigation and Drainage Council ofthe Environmental and Water Resources Institute of the American Society of Civil EngineersEdited byWesley W. Wallender, Ph.D., P.E., and Kenneth K.
2、Tanji, Sc.D.ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 71Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataAgricultural salinity assessment and management/prepared by the Water QualityTechnical Committee of the Irrigation and Drainage Council of the Environmental andWater Resources Institu
3、te of the American Society of Civil Engineers ; edited by Kenneth K. Tanji and Wesley W. Wallender. 2nd ed.p. cm. (ASCE manual and reports on engineering practice ; no. 71)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-7844-1169-8 (soft cover : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7844-7648-2 (ebook)1.
4、SalinizationControlHandbooks, manuals, etc. 2. SalinizationEnvironmentalaspectsHandbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Irrigation farmingHandbooks, manuals, etc. 4. Agricultural pollutionHandbooks, manuals, etc. 5. Agricultural ecologyHandbooks,manuals, etc. I. Tanji, Kenneth K. II. Wallender, Wesley W. III. En
5、vironmental andWater Resources Institute (U.S.). Water Quality Technical Committee. IV. Series: ASCEmanuals and reports on engineering practice ; no. 71.S620.A48 2011628.11dc232011030788Published by American Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191www.asce.org/pubsAn
6、y statements expressed in these materials are those of the individual authors and do notnecessarily represent the views of ASCE, which takes no responsibility for any statementmade herein. No reference made in this publication to any specific method, product,process, or service constitutes or implie
7、s an endorsement, recommendation, or warrantythereof by ASCE. The materials are for general information only and do not represent astandard of ASCE, nor are they intended as a reference in purchase specifications, contracts,regulations, statutes, or any other legal document.ASCE makes no representat
8、ion or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied,concerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any information, apparatus,product, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefor. Thisinformation should not be used without first securing compete
9、nt advice with respect to itssuitability for any general or specific application. Anyone utilizing this information assumesall liability arising from such use, including but not limited to infringement of any patentor patents.ASCE and American Society of Civil EngineersRegistered in U.S. Patent and
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11、formation regarding reprints of 100 or more copies is availableat http:/www.asce.org/reprints.Copyright 2012 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.All Rights Reserved.ISBN 978-0-7844-1169-8ISBN 978-0-7844-7648-2Manufactured in the United States of America.18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5MANUAL
12、S AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICE(As developed by the ASCE Technical Procedures Committee, July 1930,and revised March 1935, February 1962, and April 1982)A manual or report in this series consists of an orderly presentation offacts on a particular subject, supplemented by an analysis of limitat
13、ionsand applications of these facts. It contains information useful to the aver-age engineer in his or her everyday work, rather than findings that maybe useful only occasionally or rarely. It is not in any sense a “standard,”however; nor is it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule of
14、thumb” for nonengineers.Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (whichexpresses only one persons observations or opinions), is the work of acommittee or group selected to assemble and express information on aspecific topic. As often as practicable, the committee is under th
15、e directionof one or more of the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the productevolved has been subjected to review by the Executive Committee ofthe Division or Council. As a step in the process of this review, proposedmanuscripts are often brought before the members of the Technical Divi-sions a
16、nd Councils for comment, which may serve as the basis forimprovement. When published, each work shows the names of the com-mittees by which it was compiled and indicates clearly the several pro -cesses through which it has passed in review, in order that its merit maybe definitely understood.In Febr
17、uary 1962 (and revised in April 1982) the Board of Directionvoted to establish a series entitled “Manuals and Reports on EngineeringPractice,” to include the Manuals published and authorized to date, futureManuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on Engineering Practice. Allsuch Manual or Repor
18、t material of the Society would have been refereed ina manner approved by the Board Committee on Publications and wouldbe bound, with applicable discussion, in books similar to past Manuals.Numbering would be consecutive and would be a continuation of presentManual numbers. In some cases of reports
19、of joint committees, bypassingof Journal publications may be authorized.MANUALS AND REPORTS ON ENGINEERING PRACTICENo. Title No. Title28 Hydrology Handbook, Second Edition40 Ground Water Management45 How to Work Effectively withConsulting Engineers: Getting the Best Project at the Right Price46 Pipe
20、line Route Selection for Rural andCross-Country Pipelines49 Urban Planning Guide50 Planning and Design Guidelines forSmall Craft Harbors, Revised Edition54 Sedimentation Engineering, ClassicEdition57 Management, Operation andMaintenance of Irrigation andDrainage Systems60 Gravity Sanitary Sewer Desi
21、gn andConstruction, Second Edition62 Existing Sewer Evaluation andRehabilitation, Third Edition66 Structural Plastics Selection Manual67 Wind Tunnel Studies of Buildings andStructures71 Agricultural Salinity Assessment andManagement, Second Edition73 Quality in the Constructed Project: AGuide for Ow
22、ners, Designers, andConstructors, Third Edition74 Guidelines for Electrical TransmissionLine Structural Loading, Third Edition77 Design and Construction of UrbanStormwater Management Systems80 Ship Channel Design81 Guidelines for Cloud Seeding toAugment Precipitation, Second Edition82 Odor Control i
23、n Wastewater TreatmentPlants84 Mechanical Connections in WoodStructures85 Quality of Ground Water91 Design of Guyed ElectricalTransmission Structures92 Manhole Inspection and Rehabilitation,Second Edition93 Crane Safety on Construction Sites94 Inland Navigation: Locks, Dams, andChannels95 Urban Subs
24、urface Drainage96 Guide to Improved EarthquakePerformance of Electric Power Systems97 Hydraulic Modeling Concepts andPractice98 Conveyance of Residuals from Waterand Wastewater Treatment99 Environmental Site Characterizationand Remediation Design Guidance100 Groundwater Contamination byOrganic Pollu
25、tants: Analysis andRemediation101 Underwater Investigations102 Design Guide for FRP CompositeConnections103 Guide to Hiring and Retaining GreatCivil Engineers104 Recommended Practice for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Products forOverhead Utility Line Structures105 Animal Waste Containment in Lagoons106 H
26、orizontal Auger Boring Projects107 Ship Channel Design and Operation108 Pipeline Design for Installation byHorizontal Directional Drilling109 Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR)Operation in Wastewater TreatmentPlants110 Sedimentation Engineering: Processes,Measurements, Modeling, andPractice111 Reliab
27、ility-Based Design of Utility PoleStructures112 Pipe Bursting Projects113 Substation Structure Design Guide114 Performance-Based Design of StructuralSteel for Fire Conditions115 Pipe Ramming Projects116 Navigation Engineering Practice andEthical Standards117 Inspecting Pipeline Installation118 Below
28、ground Pipeline Networks forUtility Cables119 Buried Flexible Steel Pipe: Design andStructural Analysis120 Trenchless Renewal of Culverts andStorm Sewers121 Safe Operation and Maintenance of DryDock Facilities122 Sediment Dynamics upon DamRemovalvCONTRIBUTORSManucher Alemi, California Department of
29、Water Resources, Chapter 20Christopher Amrhein, University of CaliforniaRiverside, Chapter 25R. Arags, Agri-food Research and Technology Center of Aragn,Chapter 30James E. Ayars, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Chapters 12 and 16S. E. Benes, California State UniversityFresno, Chapter 22Eduardo
30、Blumwald, University of CaliforniaDavis, Chapter 8A. C. Chang, University of CaliforniaRiverside, Chapter 7W. P. Chen, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chapter 7B. Clark, Davids Engineering, Chapter 27Dennis L. Corwin, U.S. Salinity Laboratory, Chapters 10, 12, and 26Evan Christen, CSIRO Land and Water,
31、 Australia, Chapter 24Michael Delamore, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Chapters 20 and 32Steven J. Deverel, HydroFocus, Inc., Chapter 4William Evans, Soil Conservation Service, Chapter 19Jose I. Faria, California Department of Water Resources, Chapters 20 and 23Roger Fujii, U.S. Geological Survey, Chap
32、ter 4Suduan Gao, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Chapter 24J. R. Gilley, Texas A ample guidance is provided here for developing evaluation andmonitoring programs for impacted soils.Chapter 3: The Chemistry of Salt-Affected Soils and Waters. Whengreater in-depth knowledge is needed, this chapter
33、 provides essentialbackground information about the weathering process and geochemicalFOREWORDxixreactions in soils. Don Suarez describes the basic processes, as well as cur-rently available chemical equilibrium-type models.Chapter 4: Chemistry of Trace Elements in Soils and Groundwater.This is a ve
34、ry well written complementary chapter to the previous chap-ter, with the objective of providing a framework for the factors andprocesses to consider when evaluating trace element concentrations insoils and shallow groundwater of irrigated agricultural areas. The focushere is on the description of th
35、e U.S. Environmental Protection Agencypriority trace element pollutants of concern. This information is becomingmore crucial to water supplies across the globe as water managers facedilemmas associated with trace element contamination.Chapter 5: Soil Response to Saline and Sodic Conditions. In field
36、soils, accumulation of sodium in the soil solution and the exchange phasegenerally adversely affect soil physical properties critical to watershedprocesses affecting drainage and groundwater quality, such as structuralstability, hydraulic conductivity, infiltration rate, runoff, and erosion.While ex
37、tensive reviews of saline-sodic effects on soil properties in labora-tory samples exist, Isaac Shainberg notes that “these conditions do not pre-vail in the field where slower wetting rate and ageing at different AMCsdecrease the susceptibility of soils to sodic conditions.” He then seeks “todemonst
38、rate the effect of inherent soil properties and time-dependentphysical conditions on the susceptibility of soils to sodic conditions.” Thisis a critical distinction in the field as lab results to date have had little suc-cess in predicting field responses to saline-sodic conditions. At the sametime,
39、 however, acquiring an understanding of these processes has guidedwater managers and will continue to do so as better field-applicableknowledge is developed.Chapter 6: Plant Responses to Saline and Sodic Conditions. This is acompanion chapter to Chapter 5 in providing a general overview of theprinci
40、pal mechanisms and crop responses to salinity and sodicity stressavailable in scientific literature. Because many water managers and prac-titioners may be less knowledgeable in the plant sciences, this is an impor-tant chapter to have available, though it may seem a little daunting.Lauchli and Gratt
41、an underscore that, since the previous edition of themanual, “our knowledge and understanding of the physiological mecha-nisms of salt tolerance in plants has greatly increased” with ever-morerapid progress “made in elucidating molecular and genetic aspects of salttolerance in plants.” However, as s
42、hown in the previous chapter, as cropsand plants integrate a number of environmental stresses, their responsesin the field have been less predictable from the laboratory results consid-ering less than a handful of stress factors in any one set of experiments.Nonetheless, more exciting research oppor
43、tunities are readily available.Chapter 7: Deficiencies and Toxicities of Trace Elements. In thisreview of general trace element chemistry in soils, Chen, Chang, and Pagexx FOREWORDconsider the factors affecting their availability, mobility, and accumulationby crops, as well as their fate and transpo
44、rt through a generalized massbalance-type model. For many trace elements there is a narrow window ofconcentrations in soil solutions between deficient and toxic conditions foreither the plant or those that consume the plants; understanding some-thing of this window and the processes affecting it is
45、ever-more important.This is essential information because various recycled and treated watersare increasingly reused in irrigated agriculture, as well as from the per-spective of water managers considering the quality of these waters.Chapter 8: Transgenic Strategies toward the Development of Salt-To
46、lerant Plants. Understanding plant response stresses associated withsalinity, sodicity, and trace elements sets the stage for developing alter-native, or transgenic, plants that better tolerate some of these stressesbrought on by the changing environmental conditions facing irrigatedagriculture. Thi
47、s chapter is one of hope; it summarizes some of theseopportunities and how they may play out. For example, boron phytotox-icity is a problem for citrus production in many salinity-affected areas,though the general irrigation water quality is acceptable for a wide vari-ety of other uses (including hu
48、man consumption). Development of atransgenic lemon rootstock would facilitate sustaining the citrus indus-try in such areas.Chapter 9: Field Sampling of Soil, Water, and Plants. Field samplingand monitoring is critical toward evaluation and assessment of soil-waterprocesses and plant responses to th
49、ose processes. Unfortunately, thisdimension of investigation is often lacking or entirely absent in diagnos-ing various environmental problems. Hanson and Grattan have the neces-sary background and provide a straightforward description of what isneeded to develop a sampling strategy for different requirements. Inte-grated simultaneous sampling and monitoring of the soil, waters, andplants are essential to furthering research in these irrigated systems. Thischapter provides a basic start
