1、 ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 99Environmental SiteCharacterization andRemediation DesignGuidancePrepared by theRemedial Investigation/Feasibility Study/Remediation DesignManual Task Committee of theEnvironmental Engineering Division of theAmerican Society of Civil EngineersPu
2、blished byf SJET Am0ncan SocietyvvE of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191 -4400Abstract: Soils and groundwater contaminated by hazardous compounds are common resultsof industrial activity. They have become costly burdens for site owners and contentious politicaland regula
3、tory issues for surrounding communities. Environmental Site Characterization andRemediation Design Guidance provides information for consultants, engineers, site owners,insurers, realtors, and facilities managers who must evaluate and remediate these chemicalhazards. It describes procedures for site
4、 characterization, linking it to a related ASCE manual,Environmental Site Investigation. It reviews methods for evaluating the array of available remedi-ation techniques and selecting the one that will provide the best combination of reliability andlow cost for the site of interest. It outlines an o
5、rganized and rational approach to remediationdesign. Regulatory compliance and responsibility to the community are emphasized, but withattention to approaches that allow remediation to be completed at minimum cost.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataEnvironmental site characterization
6、and remediation design guidance/ prepared by the Rl/FS/RDManual Task Committee of the Environmental Engineering Division of the American Society ofCivil Engineers.p. cm.(ASCE manuals and reports on engineering practice ; no. 99)Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-7844-0439-91. Hazar
7、dous waste site remediation. 2. Hazardous waste sitesEvaluation. 3. HazardouswastesRisk assessment. I. American Society of Civil Engineers. Environmental EngineeringDivision. RI/FS/RD Manual Task Committee. II. Series.TD1052.E579 1999628.5dc21 99-32028CIPThe material presented in this publication ha
8、s been prepared in accordance with generallyrecognized engineering principles and practices, and is for general information only. This infor-mation should not be used without first securing competent advice with respect to its suitabilityfor any general or specific application.The contents of this p
9、ublication are not intended to be and should not be construed to be astandard of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and are not intended for use as a ref-erence in purchase of specifications, contracts, regulations, statutes, or any other legal document.No reference made in this publicat
10、ion to any specific method, product, process, or serviceconstitutes or implies an endorsement, recommendation, or warranty thereof by ASCE.ASCE makes no representation or warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, con-cerning the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or utility of any informat
11、ion, apparatus, prod-uct, or process discussed in this publication, and assumes no liability therefore.Anyone utilizing this information assumes all liability arising from such use, including butnot limited to infringement of any patent or patents.Photocopies: Authorization to photocopy material for
12、 internal or personal use under circum-stances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act is granted by ASCE tolibraries and other users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) TransactionalReporting Service, provided that the base fee of $8.00 per chapter plus $.50
13、 per page is paiddirectly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. The identification for ASCE Books is0-7844-0439-9/99/$8.00 + $.50 per page. Requests for special permission or bulk copying shouldbe addressed to Permissions noris it so elementary or so conclusive as to provide a “rule of thum
14、b“ for non-engineers.Furthermore, material in this series, in distinction from a paper (whichexpressed only one persons observations or opinions), is the work of a com-mittee or group selected to assemble and express informaton on a specifictopic. As often as practicable the committee is under the d
15、irection of one ormore of the Technical Divisions and Councils, and the product evolved hasbeen subjected to review by the Executive Committee of the Division orCouncil. As a step in the process of this review, proposed manuscripts areoften brought before the members of the Technical Divisions and C
16、ouncilsfor comment, which may serve as the basis for improvement. When pub-lished, each work shows the names of the committees by which it was com-piled and indicates clearly the several processes through which it has passedin review, in order that its merit may be definitely understood.In February
17、1962 (and revised in April 1982) the Board of Direction votedto establish:A series entitled “Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice,“to include the Manuals published and authorized to date, futureManuals of Professional Practice, and Reports on EngineeringPractice. All such Manual or Report mat
18、erial of the Society wouldhave been refereed in a manner approved by the Board Commit-tee on Publications and would be bound, with applicable discus-sion, in books similar to past Manuals. Numbering would be con-secutive and would be a continuation of present Manualnumbers. In some cases of reports
19、of joint committees, bypassingof Journal publications may be authorized.MANUALS AND REPORTSOF ENGINEERING PRACTICENo. Title No. Title13 Filtering Materials for SewageTreatment Plants14 Accommodation of Utility PlantWithin the Rights-of-Way of UrbanStreets and Highways34 Definitions of Surveying andA
20、ssociated Terms35 A List of Translations of ForeignLiterature on Hydraulics37 Design and Construction of Sanitaryand Storm Sewers40 Ground Water Management41 Plastic Design in Steel: A Guide andCommentary45 Consulting Engineering: A Guide forthe Engagement of EngineeringServices46 Pipeline Route Sel
21、ection for Rural andCross-Country Pipelines47 Selected Abstracts on StructuralApplications of Plastics49 Urban Planning Guide50 Planning and Design Guidelines forSmall Craft Harbors51 Survey of Current Structural Research52 Guide for the Design of SteelTransmission Towers53 Criteria for Maintenance
22、of MultilaneHighways54 Sedimentation Engineering55 Guide to Employment Conditions forCivil Engineers57 Management, Operation andMaintenance of Irrigation andDrainage Systems59 Computer Pricing Practices60 Gravity Sanitary Sewer Design andConstruction62 Existing Sewer Evaluation andRehabilitation63 S
23、tructural Plastics Design Manual64 Manual on Engineering Surveying65 Construction Cost Control66 Structural Plastics Selection Manual67 Wind Tunnel Studies of Buildings andStructures68 Aeration: A Waste water TreatmentProcess69 Sulfide in Wastewater Collection andTreatment Systems70 Evapotranspirati
24、on and IrrigationWater Requirements71 Agricultural Salinity Assessment andManagement72 Design of Steel Transmission PoleStructures73 Quality in the Constructed Project: AGuide for Owners, Designers, andConstructors74 Guidelines for Electrical TransmissionLine Structural Loading75 Right-of-Way Survey
25、ing76 Design of Municipal WastewaterTreatment Plants77 Design and Construction of UrbanStormwater Management Systems78 Structural Fire Protection79 Steel Penstocks80 Ship Channel Design81 Guidelines for Cloud Seeding toAugment Precipitation82 Odor Control in WastewaterTreatment Plants83 Environmenta
26、l Site Investigation84 Mechanical Connections in WoodStructures85 Quality of Ground Water86 Operation and Maintenance ofGround Water Facilities87 Urban Runoff Quality Manual88 Management of Water Treatment PlantResiduals89 Pipeline Crossings90 Guide to Structural Optimization91 Design of Guyed Elect
27、ricalTransmission Structures92 Manhole Inspection andRehabilitation93 Crane Safety on Construction Sites94 Inland Navigation: Locks, Dams, andChannels95 Urban Subsurface Drainage96 Guide to Improved EarthquakePerformance of Electric PowerSystems97 Hydraulic Modeling: Concepts andPractice99 Environme
28、ntal Site Characterizationand Remediation Design GuidanceCOMMITTEES PURPOSE AND OFFICERSEnvironmental Engineering Division, Remedial Investigation/FeasibilityStudy/Remediation Design Manual Task CommitteeThis manual was written by the Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study/Remediation Design (Rl/F
29、S/RD) Manual Task Committee of the Environ-mental Engineering Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers.The Task Committees purpose was to prepare a manual describing theappropriate procedures to design the remediation of sites contaminatedwith hazardous materials.Title Member AffiliationC
30、hair Joseph S. Devinny, Environmental Engineering ProgramPh.D. Civil Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CaliforniaVice Chair Khalique Khan Sverdrup CorporationCosta Mesa, CaliforniaSecretary Daniel E Buss Camp Dresser site characterization; evalua-tion and selection
31、of remediation alternatives; and remediation design, con-struction, and implementation. This manual summarizes site characteriza-tion, then details evaluation of alternatives and remediation design. Becauseall sites are different and simple cleanup procedures may be possible inmany cases, a chapter
32、is included that describes expedited processes. A pre-vious manual, the Environmental Site Investigation Guidance Manual (ASCE1996), provides a more detailed description of the investigation step. It isanticipated that a future ASCE manual will discuss remedial constructionand implementation.1.2 BAC
33、KGROUNDIdeally, environmental management prevents significant contaminationof the environment (Figure 1-1). Poor environmental management may leadto contamination of soils and groundwater. If the contamination threatensthe environment or public health, remediation will frequently be required.Unfortu
34、nately, past hazardous materials handling and hazardous wastetreatment and disposal were often done carelessly. Wastes were initiallydumped without treatment. Later, wastes were treated, and processchanges were made to reduce the amounts produced. Now, emphasis is1ENVIRONMENTAL SITE CHARACTERIZATION
35、 AND REMEDIATION DESIGNplaced on material substitution and process modification to avoid the use ofenvironmentally dangerous materials.Careless waste treatment and disposal have left a legacy of contaminatedsoil, water, and biota. These frequently pose human health and ecologicalrisks and damage val
36、uable natural resources. The goals of the remediationprocess are to gain control of contaminated sites, to reduce risks to accept-able levels, and to restore resource value.1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL L AW1.3.1 IntroductionIn the United States, the beginning of the current environmental move-ment is associate
37、d with the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969(NEPA). NEPA states that the nations environmental goal is to recognizeFIGURE 1-1. Ideal Environmental Management Process.2INTRODUCTION 3“the profound impact of human activity on the interrelations of all compo-nents of the natural environment,. th
38、e principle that each person shouldenjoy a healthful environment. and the need to contribute to the preser-vation and enhancement of the environment/7 NEPA requires private com-panies and federal agencies to consider environmental consequences intheir decision-making processes.Since the enactment of
39、 NEPA, many other federal environmental lawshave been passed to address specific environmental problems or contami-nants. In addition, many have been enacted at the state and local level, sothat cleanup is often controlled by a complex maze of interacting regulations.1.3.2 Development of Environment
40、al Laws and RegulationsEnvironmental statutes enacted by the federal government typicallyrequire a federal agency, usually the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA), to develop implementing regulations. Proposed regulations are pub-lished in the Federal Register for public comment. When the comm
41、ents areresolved, the final regulations are published in the Federal Register and havethe force of law. Updated regulations are published yearly in the Code of Fed-eral Regulations. State and local governments generally use similar proce-dures to designate responsible agencies and involve the public
42、.1.3.3 Remediation LawsThe two federal environmental laws that provide the legal foundation forsite characterization and remediation are the Comprehensive Environmen-tal Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) and theResource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) (Governmen
43、tInstitutes 1993). CERCLA was passed to deal with the human health andenvironmental risks posed by abandoned waste disposal sites and by aban-doned contaminated industrial sites. CERCLA gives EPA the authority toremediate these abandoned sites and to allocate the costs to those who areor were respon
44、sible. The law also established the “Hazardous SubstancesSuperfund,“ financed by a tax on the petroleum and chemical industries. Ifresponsible parties cannot be found to pay for the remediation, or if negotia-tions with the responsible parties are lengthy, EPA can use the fund to payfor cleanup. In
45、1986, the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act(SARA) was passed, extensively amending CERCLA. CERCLA does notspecify cleanup standards but delegates the ability to do so to responsibleagencies. It requires remediation to comply with all Applicable or Relevantand Appropriate Requirements (ARA
46、Rs) established by state, federal, andlocal environmental laws, standards, and requirements.RCRA was passed in 1976 and amended in 1984 by the Hazardous andSolid Waste Amendments (HSWA). The purpose of RCRA is to provide reg-4 ENVIRONMENTAL SITE CHARACTERIZATION AND REMEDIATION DESIGNulations govern
47、ing the management of hazardous wastes from the point ofgeneration to final disposal. Whereas RCRA is oriented primarily towardgenerators, transporters, and disposers of hazardous waste from active facil-ities, there is a corrective action program that requires the owners and oper-ators of hazardous
48、 waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities to cleanup releases of hazardous constituents. This program is similar to the CER-CLA program for remediation.Even though much attention is given to CERCLA and RCRA, many sitecleanups are done under the authority of state regulations, which may vary
49、in some ways. Moreover, many projects are done voluntarily, with only min-imal regulatory scrutiny. Many companies are carefully examining theirown properties and pursuing voluntary cleanups where appropriatebecause the reduced regulatory involvement can substantially reduce theexpenditures and time required. Finally, petroleum-contaminated sites arenot included in CERCLA or RCRA; they are regulated separately.An important aspect of any cleanup is the choice of the acceptable con-centrations of con
