1、ASHRAE Guideline 40-2017Refrigeration OilDescriptionApproved by ASHRAE on January 12, 2017.ASHRAE Guidelines are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the Guideline number is the yearof ASHRAE approval. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Guideline may be purchased on the ASHR
2、AE website(www.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail:ordersashrae.org. Fax: 678-539-2129. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders inUS and Canada). For reprint permission, go to www.ashrae.org/permissio
3、ns. 2017 ASHRAE ISSN 1049-894XASHRAE Guideline Project Committee 40Cognizant TC: 3.4, LubricationSPLS Liaison: Heather L. PlattChristopher J. Seeton*, Chair Edward Hessell* Gregory L. Smith*William B. Boggess* Ngoc Dung T. Rohatgi* Robert W. Yost*Denotes members of voting status when the document wa
4、s approved for publicationASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20162017Rita M. Harrold, Chair Julie M. Ferguson Cyrus H. NasseriSteven J. Emmerich, Vice-Chair Michael W. Gallagher David RobinJames D. Aswegan Walter T. Grondzik Peter SimmondsNiels Bidstrup Vinod P. Gupta Dennis A. StankeDonald M. Brundage Susa
5、nna S. Hanson Wayne H. Stoppelmoor, Jr.Waller S. Clements Roger L. Hedrick Jack H. ZarourDrury B. Crawley Rick M. Heiden William F. Walter, BOD ExOJohn F. Dunlap, Srinivas Katipamula Patricia Graef, COJames W. Earley, Jr. Arsen K. MelikovKeith I. Emerson R. Lee Millies, Jr.Stephanie C. Reiniche, Sen
6、ior Manager of StandardsSPECIAL NOTEThis Guideline was developed under the auspices of ASHRAE. ASHRAE Guidelines are developed under a review process, identifying a Guidelinefor the design, testing, application, or evaluation of a specific product, concept, or practice. As a Guideline it is not defi
7、nitive but encompassesareas where there may be a variety of approaches, none of which must be precisely correct. ASHRAE Guidelines are written to assist professionalsin the area of concern and expertise of ASHRAEs Technical Committees and Task Groups.ASHRAE Guidelines are prepared by Project Committ
8、ees appointed specifically for the purpose of writing Guidelines. The Project CommitteeChair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, all must be technicallyqualified in the subject area of the Guideline.Development of ASHRAE Guideline
9、s follows procedures similar to those for ASHRAE Standards except that (a) committee balance is desiredbut not required, (b) an effort is made to achieve consensus but consensus is not required, (c) Guidelines are not appealable, and (d) Guidelinesare not submitted to ANSI for approval.The Senior Ma
10、nager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted fora. interpretation of the contents of this Guideline,b. participation in the next review of the Guideline,c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Guideline, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Guideline.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its
11、best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information and acceptedindustry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components, or systemstested, installed, or operated i
12、n accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under its Standards or Guidelineswill be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a unifo
13、rm method of testing for rating purposes, bysuggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providing other informationthat may serve to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the
14、 need for them, and conformanceto them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.CONTENTSASHRAE Guideline 40-2017Refrigeration Oil De
15、scriptionSECTION PAGEForeword .21 Purpose.22 Scope23 Definitions .24 Test Procedures and Significance of Tests.35 References4NOTEApproved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this guideline can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAEwebsite at www.ashrae.org/technology. 2017 ASHRAE1791 Tulli
16、e Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org All rights reserved.ASHRAE is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.2 ASHRAE Guideline 40-2017(This foreword is not part of this guideline. It is merelyinformative and does not contain
17、 requirements necessaryfor conformance to the guideline.)FOREWORDRefrigeration oil covers a wide variety of commercially avail-able or experimental lubricants that often differ widely in bothcomposition and performance characteristics. Guideline 40provides a uniform means of identifying particular r
18、efrigera-tion oils without resorting to commercial names or designa-tions by utilizing common laboratory tests that are wellrecognized by those concerned with the use of the oil. The useof this guideline in the literature will permit investigators con-cerned with oil performance to duplicate experim
19、ental pro-grams and allow readers to relate oil characteristics to thesubject presented. First published in 1981, Standard 99 was developedunder the sponsorship of ASHRAE Technical Committee 3.4. Itrepresents a joint effort of knowledgeable refrigerating indus-try consultants, equipment builders and
20、 oil suppliers to definethe most meaningful laboratory tests that will adequatelycharacterize a particular refrigeration oil. The 1981 standardwas reaffirmed with minor editorial changes in 1987. In 2006,the standard was revised to include synthetic lubricants. In2015, Standard 99 was converted to G
21、uideline 40.1. PURPOSEThe purpose of this guideline is to describe lubricants used inrefrigeration and air-conditioning systems based on molecularstructure, physical properties, and chemical properties.Because the properties of generically similar lubricants canvary significantly depending on source
22、 of formulation, termssuch as “refrigeration lubricant” have little meaning in defin-ing such materials. This guideline defines those propertiescritical to the precise identification of refrigeration lubricants,along with recognized test procedures for the determinationof these properties.2. SCOPE2.
23、1 Application. This guideline applies to lubricants used orproposed as compressor lubricants in refrigeration systems.2.2 Test Methods. This guideline provides recognized testmethods toa. describe a specific class of refrigeration lubricant withoutthe use of commercial designations,b. describe the m
24、olecular structure for various classes ofrefrigeration lubricants, andc. define the critical properties needed to describe a refriger-ation lubricant using recognized test procedures.2.3 Limits. This guideline is not intended to define refrigera-tion oil quality through the establishment of test spe
25、cifica-tions or requirements. In addition, performance tests intendedto measure quality have been excluded from this guideline.3. DEFINITIONSalkylbenzene: a synthetic hydrocarbon composed of a ben-zene ring attached to one or more saturated hydrocarbonchains. aniline point: the minimum temperature a
26、t which a lubricantis soluble in aniline, a solvent for hydrocarbons. It is used toestimate the aromatic/olefin content in a lubricant.antioxidants: typical additives that scavenge oxygen-contain-ing species to prevent further breakdown of the lubricant orrefrigerant.antiwear/extreme pressure additi
27、ve: typical additives thatimprove the lubrication when circumstances of boundarylubrication (lubricant film break through) are present.aromatic content: the fraction of aromatic hydrocarbon con-tained in a lubricant.aromatic hydrocarbon: a hydrocarbon compound containingone or more cyclic or ring st
28、ructures characterized by alter-nating double bonds.ASTM test: a test conducted according to an ASTM Interna-tional standard test procedure. cloud point: the temperature at which haziness is firstobserved upon cooling of a lubricant under prescribed condi-tions. This temperature designation also app
29、lies for refriger-ant/lubricant mixtures with or without impurities.color: the appearance of a lubricant when viewed by transmit-ted plex ester: an ester lubricant prepared from a polyol andboth mono- and dicarboxylic acids, either together or sequen-tially.diester: an ester lubricant prepared from
30、a dicarboxylic acidand monohydric alcohols.flash point: the minimum temperature to which a lubricantmust be heated under prescribed conditions in order to giveoff sufficient vapor to form a flammable mixture with air inthe presence of an ignition source. floc point: the highest temperature at which
31、a mixture oflubricant and refrigerant forms a distinct precipitate. foaming: the formation of a frothy mass of refrigerant bub-bles in or on the surface of a lubricant.hydrotreated oil: a mineral-oil lubricant that has been treatedwith hydrogen to remove aromatic and olefinic components.kinematic vi
32、scosity: a measure of a lubricants resistance toflow.miscibility: a measure of the limit of mutual solubility of liq-uid refrigerant and lubricant fluid.naphthenic oil: a mineral-oil lubricant fraction consistingpredominately of cyclic or ring hydrocarbon structures.olefin: a hydrocarbon molecule co
33、ntaining at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.paraffinic oil: a mineral-oil lubricant fraction in which straight-and/or branched-chain hydrocarbon structures predominate.polyalkylene glycol (PAG): a synthetic ethylene oxide and/orpropylene oxide polymer normally initiated with an alcoholand som
34、etimes capped.polyalphaolefin (PAO): a synthetic, saturated acyclic hydro-carbon lubricant prepared from alphaolefins.ASHRAE Guideline 40-2017 3polyolester (POE): a synthetic ester lubricant prepared from apolyol and monocarboxylic acids. For refrigeration applica-tions, polyol esters are prepared f
35、rom neopentyl polyols thatdo not contain beta hydrogens.polyvinyl ether (PVE): a synthetic lubricant prepared fromvinyl ether monomers. The main chain of the molecule con-sists of carbon-to-carbon bonds, with ether-based side chains.pour point: the lowest temperature at which a lubricant willflow un
36、der prescribed conditions.refrigeration lubricant: a stable fluid that is compatible withsystem components, will form a friction-reducing filmbetween rubbing surfaces and seal critical clearances, and haslow-temperature transport properties suitable for the applica-tion in which it is used. semi-syn
37、thetic lubricant: a mixture of synthetic and mineral-based lubricants.solubility: a measure of the affinity for refrigerants to dis-solve in refrigeration lubricants.specific gravity: the ratio of the mass of a volume of liquid at15.6C (60F) to the mass of an equal volume of water at thesame tempera
38、ture.synthetic lubricant: a lubricant compound manufacturedfrom distinct chemical compounds.total acid number (TAN): a measure of the acidity of a lubri-cant.total organic acid (TOA): total concentration of organic acidspresent in the lubricant viscosity index (VI): a measure of the change of a lubr
39、icantsviscosity with changes in temperature. A high VI valuedenotes a smaller viscosity change per degree of temperaturechange, while a low VI value denotes a larger viscosity changeper degree of temperature. The lubricant or refrigerant/lubri-cant VI requirements are relative to the application of
40、use. white oil: a highly refined petroleum-based lubricant fractionthat is essentially free of aromatic hydrocarbons, olefins, andheteroatoms (sulfur, nitrogen, or oxygen).yellow metal passivator: an additive component intended toreduce corrosion of copper and copper-containing metals4. TEST PROCEDU
41、RES ANDSIGNIFICANCE OF TESTS4.1 Aniline Point 4.1.1 Use Test Procedure ASTM D6111. 4.1.2 Per ASTM D611, a mixture of equal volumes of oiland aniline is cooled at a fixed rate until a phase separationoccurs. The temperature of phase separation is the anilinepoint.4.1.3 The aniline point can be used t
42、o determine the aro-matic content of mineral oils. It has practical significance formineral-based hydrocarbon lubricants in estimating rubberswell and halocarbon solubility, as the low aniline point naph-thenic lubricants in general give increased rubber swell andhave greater solubility in halocarbo
43、n refrigerants than do thehigher aniline point paraffinic lubricants. The test is not appli-cable to synthetic base stocks.4.2 Aromatic Content 4.2.1 Use Test Procedure ASTM D25492. 4.2.2 A sample of the lubricant is charged on a silica gelcolumn. Selected solvents are used to elute and separate the
44、sample into aromatic and nonaromatic fractions. 4.2.3 The aromatic content characterizes a lubricant basedon the amount of aromatic and nonaromatic fractions present.Such a characterization is not possible with many syntheticlubricants. 4.3 Cloud Point4.3.1 Use Test Procedure ASTM D25003. Per ASTMD2
45、500, the highest temperature at which haziness is firstobserved is recorded as the cloud point.4.3.2 The cloud point of a lubricant can be a measure ofcontaminant content or solubility of the contaminant in thelubricant, such as process chemicals, waxes, and water.4.4 Color4.4.1 Use Test Procedure A
46、STM D15004. Per ASTMD1500, a sample of lubricant is compared to a numberedseries of color standards ranging from very light pale to verydark red. The color standard that best matches the sample isthe lubricants color number. 4.4.2 Use Test Procedure ASTM D12095. Per ASTMD1209, a sample of lubricant
47、is compared to a prepared solu-tion of varying concentrations of platinum-cobalt. The colorstandard that best matches the sample is the lubricants colornumber (APHA or Hazen).4.5 Dielectric Strength4.5.1 Use Test Procedure ASTM D8776. Per ASTM D877,the dielectric breakdown voltage is a measure of th
48、e ability ofan insulating liquid to withstand electrical stress. It is typi-cally measured in kV.4.6 Flash Point4.6.1 Use Test Procedure ASTM D927. Per ASTM D92,the temperature of a lubricant sample is raised at a constantrate. At specified intervals, an ignition source is applied tovapors above the
49、 liquid. This is repeated until there is a dis-cernible ignition flash. The lowest temperature at which anignition flash takes place is the flash point.4.6.2 The flash point is an indication of lubricant volatility:the lower the flash point, the greater the volatility. 4.7 Floc Point4.7.1 Use Test Procedure in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 868.Per Standard 86, a 9:1 mixture of R-12 and lubricant is cooledat a specified rate until the first distinct precipitate isobserved. The highest temperature at which precipitate isobserved is the floc point.4.7.2 Use ASHRAE Stand
