1、2016ASHRAE HANDBOOKHVAC Systemsand EquipmentSI EditionSupported by ASHRAE Research2016 ASHRAEHANDBOOKHeating, Ventilating,andAir-ConditioningSYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENTASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgSI Edition 2016 ASHRAE. All rights reserved.DEDICATED TO THE ADVANCEMENT
2、OFTHE PROFESSION AND ITS ALLIED INDUSTRIESNo part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing fromASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations ina review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in ar
3、etrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, photocopying,recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permis-sion should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.Volunteer members of ASHRAE Technical Committees and others compiled the infor-m
4、ation in this handbook, and it is generally reviewed and updated every four years. Com-ments, criticisms, and suggestions regarding the subject matter are invited. Any errors oromissions in the data should be brought to the attention of the Editor. Additions and correc-tions to Handbook volumes in p
5、rint will be published in the Handbook published the yearfollowing their verification and, as soon as verified, on the ASHRAE Internet website.DISCLAIMERASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated,and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product
6、, service, process,procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technicaldata or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, orguaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like.ASHRAE does n
7、ot warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors. Theentire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.ISBN 978-1-939200-27-3ISSN 1930-7705The paper for this book is both acid- and elemental-chlorine-free and was manufactured with pulp obtained
8、 from sources using sustainable forestry practices.CONTENTSContributorsASHRAE Technical Committees, Task Groups, and Technical Resource GroupsASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of LifePrefaceAIR-CONDITIONING AND HEATING SYSTEMSChapter 1. HVAC System Analysis and Selection (TC 9.1, Large Building
9、 Air-Conditioning Systems)2. Decentralized Cooling and Heating (TC 9.1)3. Central Cooling and Heating Plants (TC 9.1)4. Air Handling and Distribution (TC 9.1)5. In-Room Terminal Systems (TC 9.1)6. Radiant Heating and Cooling (TC 6.5, Radiant Heating and Cooling)7. Combined Heat and Power Systems (TC
10、 1.10, Cogeneration Systems)8. Combustion Turbine Inlet Cooling (TC 1.10)9. Applied Heat Pump and Heat Recovery Systems (TC 6.8, Geothermal Heat Pump and Energy Recovery Applications)10. Small Forced-Air Heating and Cooling Systems (TC 6.3, Central Forced Air Heating and Cooling Systems)11. Steam Sy
11、stems (TC 6.1, Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems)12. District Heating and Cooling (TC 6.2, District Energy)13. Hydronic Heating and Cooling (TC 6.1)14. Condenser Water Systems (TC 6.1)15. Medium- and High-Temperature Water Heating (TC 6.1)16. Infrared Radiant Heating (TC 6.5)17. Ultraviolet L
12、amp Systems (TC 2.9, Ultraviolet Air and Surface Treatment)18. Variable Refrigerant Flow TC 8.7, Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)AIR-HANDLING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTSChapter 19. Duct Construction (TC 5.2, Duct Design)20. Room Air Distribution Equipment (TC 5.3, Room Air Distribution)21. Fans (TC 5.1,
13、 Fans)22. Humidifiers (TC 5.11, Humidifying Equipment)23. Air-Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils (TC 8.4, Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment)24. Desiccant Dehumidification and Pressure-Drying Equipment (TC 8.12, Desiccant Dehumidification Equipment and Components)25. Mechanical Dehumidifiers an
14、d Related Components (TC 8.10, Mechanical Dehumidification Equipment and Heat Pipes)26. Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Equipment (TC 5.5, Air-to-Air Energy Recovery)27. Air-Heating Coils (TC 8.4)28. Unit Ventilators, Unit Heaters, and Makeup Air Units (TC 6.1 and TC 5.8, Industrial Ventilation)29. Air C
15、leaners for Particulate Contaminants (TC 2.4, Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate Contaminant Removal Equipment)30. Industrial Gas Cleaning and Air Pollution ControlTC 5.4, Industrial Process Air Cleaning (Air Pollution Control)HEATING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTSChapter 31. Automatic Fuel-Burn
16、ing Systems (TC 6.10, Fuels and Combustion)32. Boilers (TC 6.1)33. Furnaces (TC 6.3)34. Residential In-Space Heating Equipment (TC 6.5)35. Chimney, Vent, and Fireplace Systems (TC 6.10)36. Hydronic Heat-Distributing Units and Radiators (TC 6.1)37. Solar Energy Equipment (TC 6.7, Solar Energy Utiliza
17、tion)COOLING EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTSChapter 38. Compressors (TC 8.1, Positive Displacement Compressors, and TC 8.2, Centrifugal Machines)39. Condensers (TC 8.4, TC 8.5, Liquid-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchangers, and TC 8.6, Cooling Towers and Evaporative Condensers)40. Cooling Towers (TC 8.6)41. Evapor
18、ative Air-Cooling Equipment (TC 5.7, Evaporative Cooling)42. Liquid Coolers (TC 8.5)43. Liquid-Chilling Systems (TC 8.1 and TC 8.2)GENERAL COMPONENTS44. Centrifugal Pumps (TC 6.1)45. Motors, Motor Controls, and Variable-Frequency Drives (TC 1.11, Electric Motors and Motor Control)46. Pipes, Tubes, a
19、nd Fittings (TC 6.1)47. Valves (TC 6.1)48. Heat Exchangers (TC 6.1)PACKAGED, UNITARY, AND SPLIT-SYSTEM EQUIPMENTChapter 49. Unitary Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps (TC 8.11, Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps)50. Room Air Conditioners and Packaged Terminal Air Conditioners (TC 8.11)GEN
20、ERAL51. Thermal Storage (TC 6.9, Thermal Storage)52. Codes and Standards Additions and CorrectionsIndexComposite index to the 2013 Fundamentals, 2014 Refrigeration, 2015 HVAC Applications, and 2016 HVAC Systems and Equipment volumesComment PagesCONTRIBUTORSIn addition to the Technical Committees, th
21、e following individuals contributed significantly to this volume. The appropriate chapter numbers follow each contributors name.Howard McKew (1, 5)BuildingSmartSoftware, LLCSteven Nicklas (2)Gene Strehlow (2)Stephen W. Duda (3)Ross telephone: 404-636-8400; www.ashrae.org.PrefaceThe 2016 ASHRAE Handb
22、ookHVAC Systems and Equipmentdiscusses various systems and the equipment (components orassemblies) they comprise, and describes features and differences.This information helps system designers and operators in selectingand using equipment. ASHRAE Technical Committees in each sub-ject area have revie
23、wed all chapters and revised them as needed forcurrent technology and practice. An accompanying CD-ROM con-tains all the volumes chapters in both I-P and SI units.Some of the volumes revisions and additions are as follows:Chapter 7, Combined Heat and Power Systems, has a new sectionon economic evalu
24、ation and includes an update on EU Directive2004/8/EC.Chapter 9, Applied Heat Pump and Heat Recovery Systems, hasnew content on waste heat recovery, district applications, and in-dustrial process heat pumps.Chapter 12, District Heating and Cooling, has new content fromASHRAE research project RP-1267
25、 (the new District HeatingGuide and District Cooling Guide).Chapter 18, Variable Refrigerant Flow, has new sections on mod-eling and system commissioning, and an updated system designexample.Chapter 19, Duct Construction, has extensive revisions on systemleakage and air dispersion systems.Chapter 20
26、, Room Air Distribution Equipment, has updates forcurrent technology, with new information on specialized compo-nents and air curtains.Chapter 21, Fans, has new sections on series fan operation andfield performance testing plus added content on fan and motorefficiency grades and parallel multiple-fa
27、n operation.Chapter 24, Desiccant Dehumidification and Pressure-DryingEquipment, has expanded content on applications, air filters, andliquid strainers, plus recommendations from ASHRAE researchproject RP-1339 on rating equipment at altitude.Chapter 25, Mechanical Dehumidifiers and Related Component
28、s,has new content on psychrometrics, outdoor air, controls, andindustrial dehumidifiers.Chapter 26, Air-to-Air Energy Recovery Equipment, has new in-formation on heat pipes and desiccant and heat wheel systems.Chapter 28, Unit Ventilators, Unit Heaters, and Makeup AirUnits, has revisions on standard
29、s, controls, and fan selection formakeup air units.Chapter 29, Air Cleaners for Particulate Contaminants, has up-dates on standards and performance testing.Chapter 31, Automatic Fuel-Burning Systems, has added contenton pneumatically and electronically linked gas/air ratio burnersystems.Chapter 33,
30、Furnaces, has updates for current technology and effi-ciency requirements.Chapter 37, Solar Energy Equipment, has new data on worldwidesolar technology use, plus an expanded section on photovoltaicequipment.Chapter 38, Compressors, has revisions on general theory; screwand scroll compressors; and be
31、arings, including oil-free technol-ogies.Chapter 44, Centrifugal Pumps, has new content on vertical,inline, split-coupled pumps; hydronic system pump selection; anddifferential pressure control.Chapter 45, Motors, Motor Controls, and Variable-FrequencyDrives, has new content on standards, bearing cu
32、rrents, andpermanent-magnet motors.Chapter 47, Valves, has new content on control valve sizing; elec-tronic actuators; and ball, butterfly, flow-limiting, and pressure-independent control valves.Chapter 49, Unitary Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps, has a newmap of U.S. regional appliance efficiency s
33、tandards.Chapter 50, Room Air Conditioners and Packaged Terminal AirConditioners, has updates for efficiency standards.Chapter 51, Thermal Storage, has new content on grid reliability,renewable power integration, heat storage, emergency cooling,water treatment, and commissioning.This volume is publi
34、shed, as a bound print volume and in elec-tronic format on CD-ROM and online, in two editions: one usinginch-pound (I-P) units of measurement, the other using the Interna-tional System of Units (SI).Corrections to the 2013, 2014, and 2015 Handbook volumes canbe found on the ASHRAE website at www.ash
35、rae.org and in theAdditions and Corrections section of this volume. Corrections forthis volume will be listed in subsequent volumes and on theASHRAE website.Reader comments are enthusiastically invited. To suggest im-provements for a chapter, please comment using the form on theASHRAE website or, us
36、ing the cutout page(s) at the end of thisvolumes index, write to Handbook Editor, ASHRAE, 1791 TullieCircle N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329, or fax 678-539-2187, or e-mailmowenashrae.org.Mark S. OwenEditor1.1CHAPTER 1HVAC SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND SELECTIONSelecting a System 1.1HVAC Systems and Equipment 1.4Space
37、 Requirements. 1.6Air Distribution 1.8Pipe Distribution 1.8Security. 1.9Automatic Controls and BuildingManagement Systems 1.9Maintenance Management System. 1.9Building System Commissioning 1.10N HVAC system maintains desired environmental conditionsA in a space. In almost every application, many opt
38、ions are avail-able to the design engineer to satisfy a clients building program anddesign intent. In the analysis, selection, and implementation of theseoptions, the design engineer should consider the criteria definedhere, as well as project-specific parameters to achieve the functionalrequirement
39、s associated with the project design intent. In addition tothe design, equipment, and system aspects of the proposed design,the design engineer should consider sustainability as it pertains toresponsible energy and environmental design, as well as constructa-bility of the design.HVAC systems are cat
40、egorized by the method used to produce,deliver, and control heating, ventilating, and air conditioning in theconditioned area. This chapter addresses procedures for selecting anappropriate system for a given application while taking into accountpertinent issues associated with designing, building, c
41、ommission-ing, operating, and maintaining the system. It also addresses specificowner requirements and constraints associated with selecting theoptimum HVAC system for the application. Chapters 2 to 5 describespecific approaches and systems along with their attributes, based ontheir heating and cool
42、ing medium, the commonly used variations,constructability, commissioning, operation, and maintenance.This chapter is intended as a guide for the design engineer,builder, facility manager, and student needing to know or referencethe analysis and selection process that leads to recommending theoptimum
43、 system for the job. The approach applies to HVAC conver-sion, building system upgrades, system retrofits, building renova-tions and expansion, and new construction for any building: small,medium, large, below grade, at grade, low-rise, and high-rise. Thissystem analysis and selection process (Figur
44、e 1) approach helpsdetermine the best system(s) for any building program, regardlessof facility type. This chapters analysis examines objective, subjec-tive, short-term, and long-term goals. Figure 1 also highlights fourproject delivery methods: performance contracting, design-bid-build, design-buil
45、d, and construction management. A fifth projectdelivery method, integrated project delivery (IPD), can be consid-ered an enhanced design-build approach in which the buildingowner and the main subcontractors participate as active members ofthe design-build team.1. SELECTING A SYSTEMThe design enginee
46、r is responsible for considering various sys-tems and equipment and recommending one or more system optionsthat will meet the project goals and perform as desired. It is impera-tive that the design engineer and owner collaborate to identify andprioritize criteria associated with the design goal. In
47、addition, if theproject includes preconstruction services, the designer, owner, andoperator should consult with a construction manager to take advan-tage of a constructability analysis as well as the consideration ofThe preparation of this chapter is assigned to TC 9.1, Large Building Air-Conditioni
48、ng Systems.Fig. 1 Process Flow Diagram(Courtesy RDK Engineers)1.2 2016 ASHRAE HandbookHVAC Systems and Equipment (SI)value-engineered options. Occupant comfort (as defined byASHRAE Standard 55), process heating, space heating, cooling,and ventilation criteria should be considered and should include
49、thefollowing:TemperatureHumidityAir motionAir purity or qualityAir changes per hourAir and/or water velocity requirementsLocal climateSpace pressure requirements Capacity requirements, from a load calculation analysisRedundancySpatial requirementsSecurity concernsFirst costEnergy costsOperator labor costsMaintenance costsReliabilityFlexibilityControllabilityLife-cycle analysisSustainability of designAcoustics and vibrationMold and mildew preventionBecause these factors are interrelated, the owner, design engi-neer, operator, and builder must consider how these criteria affect
