1、Andrew Pape-Salmon is a Director of the Energy Efficiency Branch with the BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources. Warren Knowles is a Principal and Senior Building Science Specialist with RDH Building Engineering Ltd. Transforming the Window and Glazing Markets in BC through Energy Eff
2、iciency Standards and Regulations Andrew Pape-Salmon, P.Eng, MRM Warren Knowles, P.Eng Member ASHRAE Member ASHRAE ABSTRACT This paper provides an overview of a collaborative market transformation strategy led by the Ministry of Energy, Mines, and Petroleum Resources to promote and improve the energ
3、y efficiency of windows and glazing assemblies for new and existing buildings in British Columbia (BC). This included regulations under the BC Energy Efficiency Act, applying to products for new and existing buildings, and a reference to the ASHRAE standard 90.1-2004 in the BC Building Code, applyin
4、g to new high-rise and large building construction. Analytical work illustrated the energy impacts of the regulations for various window product types and percentage of building glazing for high-rise, multi-unit residential buildings. The estimated energy savings from the Energy Efficiency Act stand
5、ards for metal-framed windows in the sample building is about 2.2% of the total building energy demand. This can increase to 4.4% if non-metal framed windows are installed. The paper presents findings from surveys of window manufacturers and building officials on the effectiveness of the market tran
6、sformation strategy to improve energy efficiency of windows and glazing assemblies. The results of the surveys confirm success of the adopted strategy, while also identifying the need for further improvements around overall compliance and testing costs for small manufacturers. INTRODUCTION The purpo
7、se of this paper is to summarize, evaluate and describe the benefits of the market transformation strategy of the British Columbia (BC) Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources (MEMPR) to promote energy efficient fenestration products. MEMPR is responsible for programs and policies pertaini
8、ng to energy efficiency, including regulations under the Energy Efficiency Act for equipment and manufactured building components such as windows and glazing assemblies. These regulations apply to products destined for both new construction and existing buildings in the province. The BC Building Cod
9、e references ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004, administered by the Office of Housing and Construction Standards, applying primarily to new construction. The combined impact of the Energy Efficiency Act and BC Building Code ensures that all manufactured windows and glazing assemblies have energy efficiency
10、requirements, regardless of application, effectively mandating a low-emissivity coating for all products sold. Estimated energy savings from the regulations for a typical multi-unit residential building are presented in this paper. BCs market transformation strategy included consumer information, in
11、dustry training, market stimulus, voluntary commitments and regulatory measures introduced between 2005 and 2010, largely based on ENERGY STARstandards (NRCan 2005). This paper provides an overview of those measures, established by the provincial and federal governments, electric utilities and the W
12、indow and Door Manufacturers Association of BC (WDMA-BC). The government policy context LV-11-C037306 ASHRAE Transactions2011. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Transactions, Volume 117, Part 1. For personal use only
13、. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAES prior written permission.was set by two generations of an “Energy Efficiency Building Strategy” that include aggressive energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emission reduction ta
14、rgets for new and existing buildings, such as a 20% reduction in energy use per household by 2020 and a 1.8 million tonne emission reduction for all sectors in 2020 (BC MEMPR 2008). The strategy is the topic of a separate ASHRAE conference paper (Pape-Salmon et.al. 2010a). The evaluation of energy e
15、fficiency measures is based on market statistics and results from two surveys that sought input from window manufacturers and local building officials on the effectiveness of governments and utilities efforts. Further evaluation of BCs efforts is presented in Pape-Salmon et.al. (2010b), including a
16、comparison against practices in other jurisdictions. OVERVIEW OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES In 2004, the BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources (MEMPR) announced a goal to permanently transform the market for windows, glazing assemblies and doors, such that 100% of those products sold
17、in BC are energy efficient by 2010. Significant progress was made through the introduction of ten policy and market measures (several summarized below, see Pape-Salmon et.al. 2010b for a comprehensive list) by a number of parties, coordinated by MEMPR. The measures were broadly designed to address m
18、arket barriers to energy efficiency by increasing awareness, acceptance, availability and affordability of ENERGY STAR products, followed by regulations to solidify the transformation. Natural Resources Canada ENERGY STARProgram ENERGY STAR sets standards for windows based on a maximum U-value, an “
19、Energy Rating” (ER) alternative and a maximum air leakage rate. MEMPR based its market transformation program on the ENERGY STAR U-value standard for Zone A (coastal BC), equivalent to 0.35 BTU/(hftF) (USI 2.0 W/(m2K). As of October 2010, the standards were revised to a more stringent level of U-0.3
20、2 (USI-1.8) (NRCan 2009), partly in response to BCs window regulations. At this time, there are no ENERGY STAR criteria for glazing assemblies for large buildings. In addition to branding energy efficiency standards that simplify consumer choice, the ENERGY STAR program provides an online database o
21、f qualified products, hosts and co-chairs the Energy Efficient Fenestration Steering Committeeto provide advice on a variety of technical and programmatic issues, undertakes national advertising and defines protocols for product labeling. MEMPR Programs and Incentives In 2006 and 2007, MEMPR retaine
22、d a “Capacity Building Coordinator” to provide information and advice to BC-based manufacturers on the process to test products, certify manufacturing and apply for ENERGY STAR qualification. The Coordinator also provided confidential feedback on product designs. The relationships established throug
23、h these efforts opened new channels for MEMPR to effectively communicate its energy efficiency vision to the industry. The Coordinator also helped increase the credibility of WDMA-BC as an industry representative, including the interests of small manufacturers, as many barriers raised by manufacture
24、rs were passed on to WDMA-BC for follow-up (Jaugelis 2010). All ENERGY STAR qualified and listed windows and doors were exempt from the provincial sales tax (7%) between 2007 and 2010, valued at several million dollars per year in foregone revenue to the BC Government. In addition, MEMPR invested $2
25、00,000 to subsidize product testing for 35 BC-based manufacturers at Standards Council of Canada or National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) accredited laboratories. This helped to defray their cost to qualify products for ENERGY STAR, particularly important for small production manufacturers, gi
26、ven that their testing costs per product line are comparable to those of large manufacturers, thus having a greater proportionate impact on their bottom line. Since 2008, rebates of $20-$40 have been provided for each ENERGY STAR qualified product installed in existing houses under the LiveSmart BC:
27、 Efficiency Incentive Program. This whole-house, energy efficiency program includes assessments by Certified Energy Advisors, advice on appropriate energy efficiency upgrades, rebates for energy efficiency improvements and an “EnerGuide for Houses” label with a performance rating between 0 and 100.
28、Two tiers of rebates are 2011 ASHRAE 307provided for windows for those qualified within the ENERGY STAR zone where they are installed, and a higher rebate for those qualified for one zone higher. The rebates amounts were based on the estimated greenhouse gas emissions reductions over 12 years multip
29、lied by a $25 per metric tonne emission abatement value. Energy Utility Demand-Side Management Programs BCs two major electric utilities, BC Hydro and FortisBC, have been instrumental in promoting and driving acceptance of ENERGY STAR labelled windows through their demand-side management programs. O
30、n the consumer side, this includes information materials such as leaflets enclosed with power bills, along with promotions and incentives such as a $1/ft2rebate offered in conjunction with MEMPR until 2007 and a “win your windows contest”. On the industry side, they share costs with manufacturers to
31、 promote ENERGY STAR products, including point-of-purchase displays and media campaigns. BC Hydro also publishes an energy efficiency newsletter for manufacturers. Finally, both utilities support the WDMA-BCs meetings and events, and promote ENERGY STAR products among builders, developers and proper
32、ty managers. BC Hydros Power Smart New Construction program promotes “whole building design” for large buildings early in their construction phase, including rebates for energy studies and capital incentives for energy efficiency improvements such as the use of higher performance glazing assemblies.
33、 The energy studies define the baseline which needs to be at least better than the building code requirements (ASHRAE 90.1). The capital incentives are tiered, based on the percentage of electricity savings achieved in proportion to the baseline. Energy Efficiency Act standards for new construction
34、and replacement products The following standards were set in regulation in 2006 and revised in 2008 and 2009 (Queens Printer 2009). Table 1. BC Energy Efficiency Act Standards for Windows and Glazing Assemblies Product U-value Requirement (USI) Effective DateNon-metal windows in small buildings (res
35、idential buildings with less than 5 stories and other buildings with less than 6,458 ft2/ 600 m2of floor space) 0.35 (2.0) Mar 1, 2009 Metal framed windows in small buildings interim standard 0.45 (2.57) Jun 1, 2009 Metal framed windows in small buildings final standard 0.35 (2.0) Jan 1, 2011 Wood w
36、indows in small buildings 0.35 (2.0) Jan 1, 2011 Skylights in all buildings 0.54 (3.1) Mar 1, 2009 Metal framed windows, sliding glass doors, curtain walls, window walls or storefront windows for large buildings (residential buildings with 5+ stories and other buildings with 6,458 ft2/ 600 m2of floo
37、r space or higher) 0.45 (2.57) Jan 1, 2011 Non-metal products for large buildings 0.35 (2.0) Jan 1, 2011 Test standards for windows and glazing assemblies include either Canadian Standards Association (CSA) A440.2 (2004) or NFRC 100 (2004), both applying to the overall assembly. Exemptions apply to
38、products installed in designated heritage buildings and large buildings that are compliant with ASHRAE Standard 90.1. The multitude of effective dates was designed to address varying degrees of market readiness for different product types. Two levels of labelling are required: (1) a permanent label,
39、 word mark, trademark or symbol from a Canadian Standards Council accredited certification organization or an NFRC accredited Inspection Agency that verifies that the product complies with the requirements, and (2) a temporary label setting out the U-value in metric units. The latter is designed to
40、educate consumers and encourage energy performance beyond the regulated levels, and can be removed by the end consumer. Flexibility is provided for windows designed for unique structural support purposes in a specific building, where the design falls outside the scope of existing certification progr
41、ams. This allows for some products to be less energy efficient 308 ASHRAE Transactions(e.g., large structural windows), provided that the area weighted average U-value is meets the regulated standard performance requirements. BC Building Code and Vancouver Building Bylaw The BC Building Code (BCBC)
42、(BCOHCS 2008) applies to new construction and major renovations, and is generally enforced by municipal building inspectors. Effective September 2008, residential buildings of 5+ stories, or non-residential buildings with 4+ stories or 6,458 ft2(600 m2) of floor space are required to meet the ASHRAE
43、 Standard 90.1-2004 (hereby referred to as 90.1). Prior to 2008, the BCBC didnt include any energy efficiency provisions for large/high-rise buildings. Also, the 90.1 standard doesnt apply to low-rise/small commercial buildings, but instead the BCBC has prescriptive insulation tables that are based
44、on 90.1. The aforementioned Energy Efficiency Act window standards apply to all building types. The City of Vancouver has its own Building Bylaw that references 90.1-2007. The City has a long history regulating the energy performance of large buildings, previously referencing 90.1-2001 in its Energy
45、 Utilization Bylaw. In March 2010, the BC Office of Housing and Construction announced a proposal to introduce new performance targets for houses (low-rise) in the Building Code with an effective date of October 2011. These would set standards for the overall thermal resistance and air leakage of th
46、e building envelope, including windows. For large buildings, MEMPR will propose reference to the 2011 National Energy Code for Buildings being developed by the Canada Commission on Fire and Building Codes. Unlike ASHRAE 90.1, the performance path of this standard is based on energy performance, not
47、energy cost. POTENTIAL FOR ENERGY SAVINGS WITH IMPROVEMENTS TO GLAZING ASSEMBLIES The following sections illustrate the need for heat transfer improvements in window products and whole building designs. In order to meet the energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emission targets, an integrated systems
48、 approach based on in-service data is needed for the design and construction of sustainable buildings (Knowles et.al. 2010). Effective regulations must recognize this need. Energy consumption in a building occurs through a variety of different systems and appliances. A recent study of the energy con
49、sumption of existing high-rise residential buildings (RDH 2010) allowed for the calibration of energy consumption models with actual consumption data, before and after major building enclosure renovations of 11 buildings, and before renovations of two buildings. Based on this data, a model (i.e., DOE2 engine with interface developed by Enersys Analytics Inc.) of a typical, non combustible building was created in order to estimate the impact of the Energy Efficiency Act window/glazing assembly regulations and the adoption of 90.1-2004,
