1、TRANSACTIONS PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE 2009 WINTER CONFERENCE IN CHICAGO, ILLINOIS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEATING, REFRIGERATING AND AIR-CONDITIONING ENGINEERS, INC. 2009 VOLUME 115, PART 1 ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of Life The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Condit
2、ioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is the worlds foremost technical society in the fields of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration. Its 52,000 members worldwide are individuals who share ideas, identify the need for and support research, and write the industrys standards for testing and p
3、ractice. The result of these efforts is that engineers are better able to keep indoor environments safe and productive while protecting and preserving the outdoors for generations to come. One of the ways that ASHRAE supports its members and the industrys need for information is through ASHRAE Resea
4、rch. Thousands of individuals and companies support ASHRAE Research annually, enabling ASHRAE to report new data about material properties and building physics and to promote the application of innovative technologies. Much of the content of ASHRAE Transactions is made possible through ASHRAE Resear
5、ch. Papers reporting on work funded by ASHRAE Research are given the RP designation on the first page of the paper. For information about ASHRAE Research or to become a member of ASHRAE, contact ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305 USA; telephone: 404-636-8400; www.ashrae.org. 2009
6、 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. 1791 Tullie Circle, NE Atlanta, Georgia 30329-2305 All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ISSN 0001-2505 ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE
7、 expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, se
8、rvice, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not necessarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by
9、 the user. No part of this publication may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit, nor may any part of this publication be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or t
10、ransmitted in any way or by any meanselectronic, pho tocopying, recording, or otherwithout permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permission should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions. WILLIAM A. HARRISON President 2008-2009 Purpose: Submission: Review Process: Format: Author Listing
11、: Units: Nomenclature: Figures: Tables: References: Commercialism: Further Information: ASHRAE TRANSACTIONS Information for Authors One of the purposes of ASHRAE is to disseminate technical information of permanent interest through the publication of ASHRAE Transactions. An electronic version of the
12、 manuscript should be submitted through ASHRAE Manuscript Cen tral, http:/ ASHRAEs online paper review program. All papers undergo critical review by at least three reviewers to ensure high quality of content. The ASHRAE Program Committee decides, based on these reviews, whether papers are accept ab
13、le, need revision, or should be rejected. The names of reviewers are withheld from the author and from each other to ensure objective comments. Manuscripts should be prepared according to the guidelines in ASHRAEs Authors Manual and Authors Template (these instructions are posted in the “Instruction
14、s Authors should not identify themselves in manuscript files to enable reviewers to maintain a blind review. A separate cover sheet should include the title; the authors names in desired order, principal author first, with (if applicable) ASHRAE membership grade, academic degrees at the doctoral lev
15、el (e.g., PhD, DSc), and professional certification (e.g., PE) for all authors; an author note with the job title, affiliation, and address (city, state, country) for each author; and complete con tact information for the corresponding author, including mailing address, phone and fax num bers, and e
16、-mail address. ASHRAE policy calls for dual units of measurement with Inch-Pound (I-P) units first and Inter national System (SI) units in parentheses. In cases where the work being reported was calculated in SI, the SI units may come first. For currency, include the monetary unit of the country whe
17、re the research is based followed by the US dollar conversion in parentheses. A special section defining symbols should be included if the number of equations is extensive. If not, nomenclature may follow each equation. Artwork for figures should be submitted via ASHRAE Manuscript Central as separat
18、e tiff or eps files saved in either CMYK mode (for color) or Grayscale mode (for black and white) at high res olution (600 dpi or greater). Do not insert figures into the Word file for final submission. A proce dure to convert graphics from Word or Excel to tiff format is available by going to the “
19、Instructions P. Michel, ENTPE Engi neers School, Vetin, France 2. A Reference Environment for the Calcu lation of the Exergy Value of Air in Build ings (CH-09-002) P. Sakulpipatsin; H. J. Van derKooi; E. C. Boel-man; L. Itard, Member; P. G. Luscuere, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherland
20、s 3. Occupant Behavior in Naturally Venti lated and Hybrid Buildings (CH-09-003) Paul G. Tuohy, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Michael A. Hum phreys, Member; J. Nichol; Horn B. Rijal, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom 4. Study on the Application of Hybrid Sys tem
21、 in a Large Space Building (CH-09-004) Chen Huang, Member, Y. Fu; X. Luo; S Liu, University of Shanghai, Shanghai, China Transactions Session 2 (Basic) Laboratory Testing of Duct Fittings to Determine Loss Coefficients Track: Fundamentals Room. Water Tower Parlor (6) Sponsor: 5.2 Duct Design Chair:
22、Stephen Idem, Ph.D., Member, Ten nessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN In ASHRAE RP-1319, an experimental program was initiated to determine the friction factor in circular corrugated galvanized spiral ducts. This session presents the results of the project, which performed an analysis to cal culat
23、e the required diameter of corrugated ducts required to convey the same volumetric flow rate of air at the same pressure loss per unit length as non-corrugated spiral ducts. Likewise pressure loss coefficients were determined for the following types of flat oval elbows having various aspect ratios.
24、5-gore 90 easy bend, mitered 90 easy bend with and without vanes, and mitered 90 hard bend with and without vanes. 1. Pressure Loss of Corrugated Spiral Duct (CH-09-005) Devendra Kulkarni, Student Member, Swap-nil Khaire, Student Member, Stephen Idem, Member, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, T
25、N 2. Measurements of Flat Oval Loss Coeffi cients (RP-1319) (CH-09-006) Devendra Kulkarni, Student Member; Swap-nil Khaire, Student Member; Stephen Idem, Ph.D., Member, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN 3. Influence of Aspect Ratio and Hydraulic Diameter on Flat Oval Elbow Loss Coeffi cients
26、 (RP-1319) (CH-09-007) Devendra Kulkarni, Student Member; Swap-nil Khaire, Student Member; Stephen Idem, Ph.D., Member, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN Seminar 1 (Intermediate) Advances in Air to Refrigerant Heat Exchangers Track: Systems and Equipment Room Empire (L) Sponsor: 8.4 Air-to-R
27、efrigerant Heat Trans fer Equipment Chair: Edward Vineyard, P.E., Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN Factors that affect the performance of heat exchangers used for heating, cooling, and refrigeration are explored. These include advances in air to refrigerant modeling, longi tudina
28、l heat conduction in finned-tube evapo rators and airside fouling 1. Longitudinal Heat Conduction in Finned-Tube Evaporators Piotr A. Domanski, Ph.D., Fellow ASHRAE, National Institute of Standards and Technol ogy, Gaithersburg, MD 2. Understanding the Impact of Airside Fouling on Outdoor Condensing
29、 Coils Mark Johnson, Associate Member, Modine Manufacturing, Racine, Wl 3. Approximation Assisted Air-to-Refrig erant Heat Exchanger Optimization Omar Abdelaziz, Student Member, University of Maryland, College Park, MD Seminar 2 (Intermediate) Commercial Building Re-Tuning: A Low-Cost Approach to Im
30、proved Performance and Energy Efficiency Track: Operational Topics Room: Wabash (3) Sponsor: 7.3 Operation and Maintenance Management, 7.6 Systems Energy Utilization Chair: Michael R. Brambley, Ph.D., Member, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Rich land, WA Large commercial buildings use sophist
31、i cated building automation systems (BASs) to manage a wide and varied range of build ing equipment. However, many buildings still XIV do not fully use BASs capabilities and are not properly commissioned, operated or maintained Tuning BASs and the systems they serve ensures maximum building energy e
32、fficiency, the comfort of building occupants, and more sustainable operation A poorly tuned system can sometimes main tain comfortable conditions but at a higher energy cost to overcome inefficiencies Re-tuning eliminates these problems primarily through adjustments to controls and imple mentation o
33、f other low-cost measures Speakers provide an overview of the re-tun-ing process, identify targets that commonly yield significant improvements in operation and decreases in energy use, and discuss how re-commissionmg can yield a “gold mine“ in savings 1. Mining Gold in Existing Facilities William M
34、cCartney, Member, Isotherm Engi neering Ltd, Mississauga, ON, Canada 2. An Overview of Commercial Building Re-Tuning Michael R Brambley, PhD, Member, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 3. Key Building Operation Faults and Their Correction Snmvas Katipamula, PhD, Member, Pacific Nort
35、hwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA Seminar 3 (Intermediate) Measuring Oil Concentration in Circulation Track Refrigeration Room Monroe (6) Sponsor: 10 10 Management of Lubricant in Circulation Chair: Pega Hrnjak, PhD, Fellow ASHRAE, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL Investi
36、gation and updates on the mea surement techniques for the online measure ment of oil circulation rate (OCR) in operating air-conditioning and refrigeration systems 1. Oil Concentration Measurement by Capacitance Yunho Hwang, Ph D, Member, Remhard Radermacher, Ph D, Fellow ASHRAE, Uni versity of Mary
37、land, College Park, MD 2. Oil Concentration Measurement by Ultraviolet Light Absorption Yunho Hwang, Ph D, Member, Remhard Radermacher, Ph D, Fellow ASHRAE, Uni versity of Maryland, College Park, MD 3. Oil Concentration Measurement by Density Scott Wujek, Student Member, Predrag Hrn jak, Ph D, Fello
38、w ASHRAE, University of Illi nois, Urbana, IL 4. Refrigerant Oil Concentration Measure ment Using Refractive Index Variations Ty Newell, PhD, PE, Associate Member, Ben Newell, Member, Newell Instruments, Urbana, IL Seminar 4 (Intermediate) An Introduction to Mesoscale Weather Models and their Applic
39、ation to ASHRAE Building Issues Track Fundamentals Room Adams (6) Sponsor: TC 4 2, Climatic Information Chair: Steve Comtek, Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada Mesoscale forecasting models are increasingly used to make weather predic tions or
40、 simulations at small scales, typically 1 to 2 km (0 5 to 1 5 mile), and time scales vary ing from minutes to hours This seminar pres ents a primer on meoscale models and provides practical applications 1. An Introduction to Mesoscale Weather Models and Their Application to ASHRAE Building Issues Ro
41、bert Morns, Ph D, Member, Environment Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada 2. A Practical Application Using Meso scale Model Data for Carbon Neutral Design Stuart Malkm, Member, Autodesk Green Building Studio, Santa Rosa, CA 3. Prediction of Hourly Wind Speed at a Wind Farm from Hourly Weather Data from the
42、Nearest National Weather Service Site Using Artificial Neural Nets Kris Subbarao, Ph D, Member, Jeff Haberl, Ph D, Member, Texas A Ravi Kumar, Ph.D., Associate Member; Pradeep K. Sahoo, Ph.D., Member, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roor-kee, India 2. Performance Prediction of Adiabatic Capi
43、llary Tubes by Conventional and Ann Approaches: A Comparison (CH-09-012) Mo Khan, Ph.D., Thapar University Patiala, Patiala, India; Ravi Kumar, Ph.D., Associate Member; Pradeep K. Sahoo, Ph.D., Member, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India Transactions Session 5 (Basic) The History of Cold
44、Track: Systems and Equipment Room: Monroe (6) Sponsor: Historical Committee, 10.5 Refrig erated Distribution and Storage Facilities Chair: Daniel J. Dettmers, Member, Univer sity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wl This Transactions Session provides three papers on the history of refrigeration from ancient ti
45、mes to birth of modern history brought to you by authors from across the globe. This session will delight anyone with interest in HVAC, refrigeration or history. 1. Chillin at the Symposium with Plato: Refrigeration in the Ancient World (CH-09-013) Richard Love, Ph.D., Member, Massey Uni versity, Pa
46、lmerston, New Zealand 2. Lessons Learned from the Cold Stor age Fire at the Worlds Fair, Chicago, 1893 (CH-09-014) Andy Pearson, Ph.D., Member, StarRefnger-ation, Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom 3. Was Ice Making John Gorries Greatest Legacy? (CH-09-015) Bernard Nagengast, Member, Consultant, Sidney,
47、OH Seminar 12 (Advanced) Advances in Supermarket Display Case Technology: Analytical Tools and Test Results Track: Refrigeration Room: Empire (L) Sponsor: 10.7 Commercial Food and Bever age Cooling Display and Storage Chair: Van Baxter, PE., Member, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN This
48、seminar presents current results of a project to develop improved technology for open vertical supermarket display case air curtains. The overall goal is to reduce infiltra tion of ambient store air into the display case evaporator air stream. First presented are results from a carbon dioxide tracer
49、 gas tech nique to measure total air flow and ambient air infiltration in open vertical case platforms. Second, an advanced analytical tool based on the neural network technique to predict infiltration rates for a range of air curtain parameters. Finally results of tests performed on a display case equipped with an air curtain design developed using the neural network tool are presented. 1. Using C02 Tracer Gas Technique to Measure Total Air Flow and Infiltration R
