1、Designation: A1023/A1023M 09Standard Specification forStranded Carbon Steel Wire Ropes for General Purposes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A1023/A1023M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the general requirements forthe more common types of stranded steel wire ropes. Included
3、in this specification are wire ropes in various grades andconstructions from14 in. 6 mm to 238 in. 60 mm manufac-tured from uncoated or metallic coated wire. Also included arecord products from132 in. 0.8 mm to38 in. 10 mmmanufactured from metallic coated wire. For specific applica-tions, additional
4、 or alternative requirements may apply.1.2 The values stated in either inch-pounds or SI units are tobe regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI unitsare shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are notexact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used inde-pendently
5、of the other. Combining values from the two systemsmay result in nonconformance with the specification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A931 Test Method for Tension Testing of Wire Ropes andStrandA1007 Specification for Carbon Steel Wire for Wire Rope2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 2232 Round Drawn
6、 Wire for General-Purpose Non-alloy Steel Wire RopesISO 3108 Steel Wire Ropes for General PurposesDetermination of Actual Breaking3. TerminologyDescription of Terms Specific to this Specification3.1 inserts, nfiber or solid polymer so positioned as toseparate adjacent strands or wires in the same or
7、 overlyinglayers or to fill interstices of the rope.3.2 Lubrication:3.2.1 impregnating compound, nmaterial used in themanufacture of natural fiber cores, covers, or inserts for thepurpose of providing protection against rotting and decay ofthe fiber material.3.2.2 preservation compound, nmaterial, u
8、sually contain-ing some form of blocking agent, applied during, after, or bothduring and after manufacture of the rope to fiber inserts, fillers,and coverings for the purpose of providing protection againstcorrosion.3.2.3 rope lubricant, ngeneral term used to signify mate-rial applied during the man
9、ufacture of a strand, core, or ropefor the purpose of reducing internal friction, providing protec-tion against corrosion, or both.3.3 rope cores, ncentral element, usually of fiber or steel(but may be a combination of both), of a round rope aroundwhich are laid helically the strands of a stranded r
10、ope or theunit ropes of a cable-laid rope (Fig. 1).3.3.1 fiber core (FC), nan element made from eithernatural or synthetic fibers.3.3.2 solid polymer core, na single element of solidpolymer material that is either cylindrical or shaped (grooved).It may also include an element or elements of wire or
11、fiber.3.3.3 steel core, na stranded rope (IWRC), or a roundstrand (WSC) construction. The round strand or the strandedrope core or its outer strands, or both, may also be covered orfilled with either fiber or solid polymer. Steel cores arenormally made as a separate independent element, the excep-ti
12、on being rope with a stranded rope core closed parallel withthe outer strands.3.4 strand, nan element of rope normally consisting of anassembly of wires of appropriate shape and dimensions laidhelically in one or more layers around a center. The center mayconsist of one round or shaped wire, of seve
13、ral round wiresforming a built-up center, or of fiber or some other material. Ifmultiple wires are used in a strand center, they may be countedas one wire.3.4.1 Cross-Section Shape:3.4.1.1 compacted strand, na strand that has been sub-jected to a compacting process such as drawing, rolling, orswagin
14、g (Fig. 2).3.4.1.2 round strand, nstrand having a perpendicularcross-section that is approximately the shape of a circle (Fig.3).1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.03 on S
15、teel Rod and Wire.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as A1023/A1023M 07.DOI: 10.1520/A1023_A1023M-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service a
16、t serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.1*A Summary
17、 of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.4.1.3 triangular strand, nstrand having a perpendicularcross-section that is approximately the shape of a triangle(formerly refe
18、rred to as flattened strand) (Fig. 4).(a) Style BSolid center wire(b) Style G332or332+3F center(c) Style H3 or 3+3F center(d) Style V137 center3.4.2 strand lay direction, nthe direction right (z) or left(s) corresponding to the direction of lay of the outer wires inrelation to the longitudinal axis
19、of the strand (Fig. 5).3.4.3 Type and Constructions:3.4.3.1 multiple operation lay, nconstruction containingat least two layers of wires in which successive layers are laidin more than one operation, with different lay lengths. Thereare two basic types of multiple operation strand:(a) compound lay,
20、nstrand that contains a minimum ofthree layers of wires where a minimum of one layer is laid ina separate operation, but in the same direction, over a parallellay center.(b) cross-lay, nstrand in which the wires are laid in thesame direction. The wires of superimposed wire layers crossone another an
21、d make point contact.3.4.3.2 parallel lay, nstrand that contains at least twolayers of wires, all of which are laid in one operation (in thesame direction). The lay length of all the wire layers is equal,and the wires of any two superimposed layers are parallel toeach other, resulting in linear cont
22、act. There are four types ofparallel lay constructions:(a) combined, adjdescribes a parallel lay constructionhaving three or more layers laid in one operation and formedfrom a combination of the above, for example, Warrington-Seale construction (Fig. 6a).(b) filler (F), adjdescribes a construction h
23、aving outerlayer containing twice the number of wires than the inner layer,with filler wires laid in the interstices between the layers. Fillerwires are designated with the letter “F” (Fig. 6b).(c) Seale (S), adjdescribes a construction having samenumber of wires in each layer, for example, 9-9-1 (F
24、ig. 6c).(d) Warrington (W), adjdescribes a construction havingouter (Warrington) layer containing alternately large and smallwires and twice the number of wires as the inner layer.Warrington layers are designated by listing the number of largeand small wires with a + sign in between and bracketing()
25、thelayer, for example, (6+6) (Fig. 6d).NOTE 1Strand construction is designated by listing the number ofwires, beginning with the outer wires, with each layer separated by ahyphen.3.4.3.3 single lay, nstrand that contains only one layer ofwires.3.5 stranded wire rope, nan assembly of strands laidheli
26、cally in one or more layers around a core. Exceptions arestranded wire ropes consisting of three or four outer strandsthat may or may not be laid around a core. Elements ofstranded wire rope are shown in Fig. 7.3.6 Wires:3.6.1 finish and quality of coating, nthe condition of thesurface finish of the
27、 wire, that is, uncoated or metallic coated(zinc or zinc alloy).3.6.1.1 metallic coated wire, ncarbon steel wire that has ametallic coating.(a) drawn-galvanized wire, ncoated carbon steel wirewith a zinc coating applied prior to the final wire drawingoperation, that is, galvanized in process.(b) dra
28、wn-Zn5/Al-MM wire, ncoated carbon steel wirewith a zinc-aluminum alloy (mischmetal) coating applied priorto the final wire drawing operation.(c) final-coated Zn5/Al-MM wire, ncoated carbon steelwire with a zinc-aluminum alloy (mischmetal) coating appliedafter the final wire drawing operation.(d) fin
29、al-galvanized wire, ncoated carbon steel wire witha zinc coating applied after the final wire drawing operation,that is, galvanized at finished size.3.6.1.2 uncoated wire, ncarbon steel wire that does nothave a metallic coating. Commonly referred to as bright wire.3.6.2 Function:3.6.2.1 filler wires
30、, ncomparatively small wires used incertain constructions of parallel lay ropes to create the neces-sary number of interstices for supporting the next layer ofcovering wires.3.6.2.2 load-bearing wires (main wires), nthose wires in arope that are considered as contributing toward the breakingforce of
31、 the rope.3.6.2.3 non-load-bearing wires, nthose wires in a ropethat are considered as not contributing toward the breakingforce of the rope.3.6.2.4 seizing (serving) wires or strands, nsingle wiresor strands used for making a close-wound helical serving toretain the elements of a rope in their asse
32、mbled position.3.6.3 layer of wires, nan assembly of wires having onepitch diameter. The exception is a Warrington layer comprisinglarge and small wires where the smaller wires are positioned ona larger pitch circle than the larger wires. The first layer ofwires is that which is laid over the strand
33、 center. Filler wires donot constitute a separate layer.3.6.4 Position:3.6.4.1 center wires, nwires positioned at the center of astrand of a stranded rope.3.6.4.2 core wires, nall wires comprising the core of astranded rope.FIG. 1 Examples of CoresA1023/A1023M 0923.6.4.3 inner wires, nall wires exce
34、pt center, filler, core,and outer wires in a stranded rope.3.6.4.4 outer wires, nall wires in the outer layer of theouter strands of a stranded rope.Dimensional Characteristics3.7 Diameter of Rope:3.7.1 diameter of plastic-coated rope, nthe diameter thatcircumscribes the overall rope cross-section i
35、ncluding thecover followed by the diameter, which circumscribes theunderlying rope (for example,34 358 in.).3.7.2 diameter of round rope, nthe diameter (d) thatcircumscribes the rope cross-section. Diameter is expressed ininches or millimeters (Fig. 8).3.8 Lay Length:3.8.1 rope lay length, nthat dis
36、tance measured parallel tothe longitudinal rope axis in which the outer strands of astranded rope or the component ropes of a cable-laid rope makeone complete turn (or helix) about the axis of the rope (Fig. 9).3.8.2 strand lay length, nthat distance measured parallelto the longitudinal strand axis,
37、 in which the wire in the strandmakes one complete turn (or helix) about the axis of the strand.The lay length of a strand is that corresponding to the outerlayers of wires (Fig. 9).Manufacture (Rope)3.9 Preformation:3.9.1 non-preformed rope, nrope in which the wires andstrands in the rope will, aft
38、er removal of any seizing (serving),spring out of the rope formation.3.9.2 preformed rope, nrope in which the wires andstrands in the rope will not, after removal of any seizing(serving), spring out of the rope formation.3.10 prestretching, nthe name given to a process thatresults in the removal of
39、a limited amount of constructionalstretch.Mechanical Properties3.11 Rope:3.11.1 actual (measured) breaking force, nbreaking forceobtained using the prescribed test method in Test MethodA931or ISO 3108.3.11.2 calculated breaking force, nvalue of breakingforce obtained from the sum of the measured bre
40、aking forces ofthe wires in the rope, before rope making, multiplied by themeasured spinning loss factor as determined by the ropemanufacturers design.3.11.3 measured spinning loss factor, nratio between themeasured breaking force of the rope and the sum of themeasured breaking forces of the wires,
41、before rope making.3.11.4 minimum breaking force, nspecified value that theactual (measured) breaking force must meet or exceed in aprescribed test.3.12 Rope Stretch (Extension):FIG. 2 Compacted Round StrandBefore and AfterFIG. 3 Round StrandFIG. 4 Triangular StrandFIG. 5 Lay Direction of Strands fo
42、r Stranded RopesA1023/A1023M 0933.12.1 constructional stretch (extension), namount of ex-tension that is attributed to the initial bedding down of wireswithin the strands and the strands within the rope due toloading. Initial extension cannot be determined by calculation.3.12.2 elastic stretch (exte
43、nsion), namount of recoverableextension that follows Hookes law within certain limits due toapplication of a load.3.12.3 permanent stretch (extension), nnon-elastic exten-sion.3.13 Wire:3.13.1 torsions, na measure of wire ductility normallyexpressed as the number of 360 revolutions that a wire canwi
44、thstand before breakage occurs, using a prescribed testmethod. Torsion requirements are based on the wire diameterand either the wire level, as specified in Specification A1007,or the tensile strength grade, as specified in ISO 2232.3.13.2 wire tensile strength, nratio between the maximumforce obtai
45、ned in a tensile test and the nominal cross-sectionalarea of the test piece. Requirements for wire tensile strengthare determined by either the wire level, as specified inSpecification A1007, or by the tensile strength grade, asspecified in ISO 2232.3.13.2.1 tensile strength grade, na level of requi
46、rementfor tensile strength based on the SI system of units. It isdesignated by a value according to the lower limit of tensilestrength and is used when specifying wire. Values are ex-pressed in N/mm2(for example, 1960).3.13.2.2 wire level, na level of requirement for tensilestrength based on the inc
47、h-pound system of units (for example,Level 3).Terminology Relating to Ropes3.14 Rope Classification and Construction:3.14.1 rope classification, na grouping of ropes of similarcharacteristics on the basis of, for stranded ropes, the numberof strands and their shape, the number of strand layers, then
48、umber of wires in one strand, the number of outer wires in onestrand, and the number of wire layers in one strand. Forclassification details, refer to Table 2.3.14.2 rope construction, ndetail and arrangement of thevarious elements of the rope, taking into account the number ofAExample of Combined P
49、arallel Lay ex. 31WS, 12-(6+6)-6-1BFiller Construction ex. 25F, 12-6F-6-1CSeale Construction ex. 19S, 9-9-1DWarrington Construction ex. 19W, (6+6)-6-1FIG. 6 Parallel Lay ConstructionsFIG. 7 Elements of Stranded Wire RopeFIG. 8 Diameter of Round RopeA1023/A1023M 094strands, and the number of wires in the strand. For constructiondetails, refer to Tables 934.3.14.3 DiscussionRope construction is designated by list-ing the number of outer strands followed by the number ofwires in each strand a
