1、Designation: A1023/A1023M 091A1023/A1023M 15Standard Specification forStranded Carbon Steel Wire Ropes for General Purposes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A1023/A1023M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTESection 4.1 was changed editorially in September 2012.1. Scope*Scope1.1 This specification covers the gen
3、eral requirements for the more common types of stranded steel wire ropes. Included in thisspecification are wire ropes in various grades and constructions from 14 in. 6 mm to 238 in. 60 mm manufactured from uncoatedor metallic coated wire. Also included are cord products from 132 in. 0.8 mm to 38 in
4、. 10 mm manufactured from metalliccoated wire. For specific applications, additional or alternative requirements may apply.1.2 The values stated in either inch-pounds or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI unitsare shown in brackets. The values stated in each
5、system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be usedindependently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A931 Test Method for Tension Testing of Wire Ropes and StrandA1007 Sp
6、ecification for Carbon Steel Wire for Wire Rope2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 2232 Round Drawn Wire for General-Purpose Non-alloy Steel Wire RopesISO 3108 Steel Wire Ropes for General PurposesDetermination of Actual Breaking3. TerminologyDescription of Terms Specific to this Specification3.1 inserts, nfiber
7、 or solid polymer so positioned as to separate adjacent strands or wires in the same or overlying layers orto fill interstices of the rope.3.2 Lubrication:3.2.1 impregnating compound, nmaterial used in the manufacture of natural fiber cores, covers, or inserts for the purpose ofproviding protection
8、against rotting and decay of the fiber material.3.2.2 preservation compound, nmaterial, usually containing some form of blocking agent, applied during, after, or both duringand after manufacture of the rope to fiber inserts, fillers, and coverings for the purpose of providing protection against corr
9、osion.3.2.3 rope lubricant, ngeneral term used to signify material applied during the manufacture of a strand, core, or rope for thepurpose of reducing internal friction, providing protection against corrosion, or both.3.3 rope cores, ncentral element, usually of fiber or steel (but may be a combina
10、tion of both), of a round rope around whichare laid helically the strands of a stranded rope or the unit ropes of a cable-laid rope (Fig. 1).3.3.1 fiber core (FC), nan element made from either natural or synthetic fibers.3.3.2 solid polymer core, na single element of solid polymer material that is e
11、ither cylindrical or shaped (grooved). It mayalso include an element or elements of wire or fiber.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloysand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.03on Steel Rod and Wire.Current editio
12、n approved Oct. 1, 2009May 1, 2015. Published December 2009June 2015. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 20072009 asA1023/A1023M 07.A1023/A1023M 092. DOI: 10.1520/A1023_A1023M-09.10.1520/A1023_A1023M-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org,
13、or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de Varemb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switz
14、erland, http:/www.iso.ch.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends tha
15、t users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West C
16、onshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.3.3 steel core, na stranded rope (IWRC), or a round strand (WSC) construction. The round strand or the stranded rope coreor its outer strands, or both, may also be covered or filled with either fiber or solid polymer. Steel cores are normally made as asepa
17、rate independent element, the exception being rope with a stranded rope core closed parallel with the outer strands.3.4 strand, nan element of rope normally consisting of an assembly of wires of appropriate shape and dimensions laidhelically in one or more layers around a center. The center may cons
18、ist of one round or shaped wire, of several round wires forminga built-up center, or of fiber or some other material. If multiple wires are used in a strand center, they may be counted as one wire.3.4.1 Cross-Section Shape:3.4.1.1 compacted strand, na strand that has been subjected to a compacting p
19、rocess such as drawing, rolling, or swaging (Fig.2).3.4.1.2 round strand, nstrand having a perpendicular cross-section that is approximately the shape of a circle (Fig. 3).3.4.1.3 triangular strand, nstrand having a perpendicular cross-section that is approximately the shape of a triangle (formerlyr
20、eferred to as flattened strand) (Fig. 4).(a) Style BSolid center wirewire.(b) Style G32 or 32+3F centercenter.(c) Style H3 or 3+3F centercenter.(d) Style V17 centercenter.3.4.2 strand lay direction, nthe direction right (z) or left (s) corresponding to the direction of lay of the outer wires in rela
21、tionto the longitudinal axis of the strand (Fig. 5).3.4.3 Type and Constructions:3.4.3.1 multiple operation lay, nconstruction containing at least two layers of wires in which successive layers are laid in morethan one operation, with different lay lengths. There are two basic types of multiple oper
22、ation strand:(a) compound lay, nstrand that contains a minimum of three layers of wires where a minimum of one layer is laid in aseparate operation, but in the same direction, over a parallel lay center.(b) cross-lay, nstrand in which the wires are laid in the same direction. The wires of superimpos
23、ed wire layers cross oneanother and make point contact.FIG. 1 Examples of CoresFIG. 2 Compacted Round StrandBeforeStrandBefore and AfterA1023/A1023M 1523.4.3.2 parallel lay, nstrand that contains at least two layers of wires, all of which are laid in one operation (in the samedirection). The lay len
24、gth of all the wire layers is equal, and the wires of any two superimposed layers are parallel to each other,resulting in linear contact. There are four types of parallel lay constructions:(a) combined, adjdescribes a parallel lay construction having three or more layers laid in one operation and fo
25、rmed from acombination of the above, for example, Warrington-Seale construction (Fig. 6a).(b) filler (F), adjdescribes a construction having outer layer containing twice the number of wires than the inner layer, withfiller wires laid in the interstices between the layers. Filler wires are designated
26、 with the letter “F” (Fig. 6b).(c) Seale (S), adjdescribes a construction having same number of wires in each layer, for example, 9-9-1 (Fig. 6c).FIG. 3 Round StrandFIG. 4 Triangular StrandFIG. 5 Lay Direction of Strands for Stranded RopesAExample of Combined Parallel Lay ex. 31WS, 12-(6+6)-6-1BFill
27、er Construction ex. 25F, 12-6F-6-1CSeale Construction ex. 19S, 9-9-1DWarrington Construction ex. 19W, (6+6)-6-1FIG. 6 Parallel Lay ConstructionsA1023/A1023M 153(d) Warrington (W), adjdescribes a construction having outer (Warrington) layer containing alternately large and small wiresand twice the nu
28、mber of wires as the inner layer. Warrington layers are designated by listing the number of large and small wireswith a + sign in between and bracketing ( ) the layer, for example, (6+6) (Fig. 6d).NOTE 1Strand construction is designated by listing the number of wires, beginning with the outer wires,
29、 with each layer separated by a hyphen.3.4.3.3 single lay, nstrand that contains only one layer of wires.3.5 stranded wire rope, nan assembly of strands laid helically in one or more layers around a core. Exceptions are strandedwire ropes consisting of three or four outer strands that may or may not
30、 be laid around a core. Elements of stranded wire rope areshown in Fig. 7.3.6 Wires:3.6.1 finish and quality of coating, nthe condition of the surface finish of the wire, that is, uncoated or metallic coated (zincor zinc alloy).3.6.1.1 metallic coated wire, ncarbon steel wire that has a metallic coa
31、ting.(a) drawn-galvanized wire, ncoated carbon steel wire with a zinc coating applied prior to the final wire drawing operation,that is, galvanized in process.(b) drawn-Zn5/Al-MM wire, ncoated carbon steel wire with a zinc-aluminum alloy (mischmetal) coating applied prior to thefinal wire drawing op
32、eration.(c) final-coated Zn5/Al-MM wire, ncoated carbon steel wire with a zinc-aluminum alloy (mischmetal) coating applied afterthe final wire drawing operation.(d) final-galvanized wire, ncoated carbon steel wire with a zinc coating applied after the final wire drawing operation, thatis, galvanized
33、 at finished size.3.6.1.2 uncoated wire, ncarbon steel wire that does not have a metallic coating. Commonly referred to as bright wire.3.6.2 Function:3.6.2.1 filler wires, ncomparatively small wires used in certain constructions of parallel lay ropes to create the necessarynumber of interstices for
34、supporting the next layer of covering wires.3.6.2.2 load-bearing wires (main wires), nthose wires in a rope that are considered as contributing toward the breaking forceof the rope.3.6.2.3 non-load-bearing wires, nthose wires in a rope that are considered as not contributing toward the breaking forc
35、e ofthe rope.3.6.2.4 seizing (serving) wires or strands, nsingle wires or strands used for making a close-wound helical serving to retainthe elements of a rope in their assembled position.3.6.3 layer of wires, nan assembly of wires having one pitch diameter. The exception is a Warrington layer compr
36、ising largeand small wires where the smaller wires are positioned on a larger pitch circle than the larger wires. The first layer of wires is thatwhich is laid over the strand center. Filler wires do not constitute a separate layer.FIG. 7 Elements of Stranded Wire RopeA1023/A1023M 1543.6.4 Position:
37、3.6.4.1 center wires, nwires positioned at the center of a strand of a stranded rope.3.6.4.2 core wires, nall wires comprising the core of a stranded rope.3.6.4.3 inner wires, nall wires except center, filler, core, and outer wires in a stranded rope.3.6.4.4 outer wires, nall wires in the outer laye
38、r of the outer strands of a stranded rope.Dimensional Characteristics3.7 Diameter of Rope:3.7.1 diameter of plastic-coated rope, nthe diameter that circumscribes the overall rope cross-section including the coverfollowed by the diameter, which circumscribes the underlying rope (for example, 34 58 in
39、.).3.7.2 diameter of round rope, nthe diameter (d) that circumscribes the rope cross-section. Diameter is expressed in inches ormillimeters (Fig. 8).3.8 Lay Length:3.8.1 rope lay length, nthat distance measured parallel to the longitudinal rope axis in which the outer strands of a strandedrope or th
40、e component ropes of a cable-laid rope make one complete turn (or helix) about the axis of the rope (Fig. 9).3.8.2 strand lay length, nthat distance measured parallel to the longitudinal strand axis, in which the wire in the strand makesone complete turn (or helix) about the axis of the strand. The
41、lay length of a strand is that corresponding to the outer layers of wires(Fig. 9).Manufacture (Rope)3.9 Preformation:3.9.1 non-preformed rope, nrope in which the wires and strands in the rope will, after removal of any seizing (serving), springout of the rope formation.3.9.2 preformed rope, nrope in
42、 which the wires and strands in the rope will not, after removal of any seizing (serving), springout of the rope formation.3.10 prestretching, nthe name given to a process that results in the removal of a limited amount of constructional stretch.Mechanical Properties3.11 Rope:3.11.1 actual (measured
43、) breaking force, nbreaking force obtained using the prescribed test method in Test Method A931 orISO 3108.3.11.2 calculated breaking force, nvalue of breaking force obtained from the sum of the measured breaking forces of the wiresin the rope, before rope making, multiplied by the measured spinning
44、 loss factor as determined by the rope manufacturers design.3.11.3 measured spinning loss factor, nratio between the measured breaking force of the rope and the sum of the measuredbreaking forces of the wires, before rope making.3.11.4 minimum breaking force, nspecified value that the actual (measur
45、ed) breaking force must meet or exceed in aprescribed test.3.12 Rope Stretch (Extension):3.12.1 constructional stretch (extension), namount of extension that is attributed to the initial bedding down of wires withinthe strands and the strands within the rope due to loading. Initial extension cannot
46、be determined by calculation.3.12.2 elastic stretch (extension), namount of recoverable extension that follows Hookes law within certain limits due toapplication of a load.3.12.3 permanent stretch (extension), nnon-elastic extension.FIG. 8 Diameter of Round RopeA1023/A1023M 1553.13 Wire:3.13.1 torsi
47、ons, na measure of wire ductility normally expressed as the number of 360 revolutions that a wire can withstandbefore breakage occurs, using a prescribed test method. Torsion requirements are based on the wire diameter and either the wirelevel, as specified in Specification A1007, or the tensile str
48、ength grade, as specified in ISO 2232.3.13.2 wire tensile strength, nratio between the maximum force obtained in a tensile test and the nominal cross-sectional areaof the test piece. Requirements for wire tensile strength are determined by either the wire level, as specified in Specification A1007,o
49、r by the tensile strength grade, as specified in ISO 2232.3.13.2.1 tensile strength grade, na level of requirement for tensile strength based on the SI system of units. It is designatedby a value according to the lower limit of tensile strength and is used when specifying wire. Values are expressed in N/mm2 (forexample, 1960).3.13.2.2 wire level, na level of requirement for tensile strength based on the inch-pound system of units (for example, Level3).Terminology Relating to Ro
