1、Designation: A181/A181M 12A181/A181M 13Standard Specification forCarbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose Piping1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A181/A181M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification2 covers n
3、onstandard as-forged fittings, valve components, and parts for general service. Forgings madeto this specification are limited to a maximum weight of 10 000 lb 4540 kg. Larger forgings may be ordered to SpecificationA266/A266M.1.2 Two classes of material are covered, designated as Classes 60 and 70,
4、 respectively, and are classified in accordance withtheir mechanical properties as specified in 6.1.1.3 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M”specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished t
5、o inch-pound units.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI unitsare shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be usedindependently of the other. Co
6、mbining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3A266/A266M Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel ComponentsA788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General RequirementsA961/A961M Specificatio
7、n for Common Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings, Valves, and Parts for PipingApplications3. General Requirements and Ordering Information3.1 Product furnished to this specification shall conform to the requirements of Specification A961/A961M, including anysupplementary requirements tha
8、t are indicated in the purchase order. Failure to comply with the requirements of SpecificationA961/A961M constitutes non-conformance with this specification.3.2 It is the purchasers responsibility to specify in the purchase order all ordering information necessary to purchase the neededmaterial. Ex
9、amples of such information include but are not limited to the ordering information in Specification A961/A961M andthe following:3.2.1 Supplementary requirements, and3.2.2 Additional requirements (See 4.3, 9.1, 10.2, 12.1, and 12.2).3.3 If the requirements of this specification are in conflict with t
10、he requirements of Specification A961/A961M, therequirements of this specification shall prevail.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 Except for flanges of all types, hollow, cylindrically shaped parts may be machined from hot-rolled or forged bar, providedthat the axial length of the part is approximate
11、ly parallel to the metal flow lines of the stock. Other parts, excluding flanges of alltypes, up to and including NPS 4 may be machined from hot-rolled or forged bar. Elbows, return bends, tees, and header tees shallnot be machined directly from bar stock.1 This specification is under the jurisdicti
12、on ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.22on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications.Current edition approved May 1, 2012Oct. 1, 2013
13、. Published June 2012October 2013. Originally approved in 1935. Last previous edition approved in 20112012 asA181/A181M06(2011).A181/A181M12. DOI: 10.1520/A0181_A0181M-12.10.1520/A0181_A0181M-13.2 For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specification SA-181 in Section II of
14、 that Code.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is inten
15、ded only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the curren
16、t versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 Except as permitted in 4.1, t
17、he finished product shall be a forging as defined in the Terminology section (exclusively) ofSpecification A788/A788M.4.3 When specified in the order, the manufacturer shall submit for approval of the purchaser a sketch showing the shape of therough forging before machining.4.4 Forgings shall be pro
18、tected against sudden or too rapid cooling from the rolling or forging while passing through the criticalrange.4.5 Heat treatment is neither required nor prohibited, but when applied, heat treatment shall consist of tempering, annealing,normalizing, or normalizing and tempering.5. Chemical Compositi
19、on5.1 An analysis of each heat shall be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements specified in Table1. The chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements in Table 1.6. Mechanical Properties6.1 The material shall conform to the requirements as to te
20、nsile properties prescribed in Table 2.7. Number of Tests7.1 One tension test shall be made from each heat.7.2 If any test specimen is defectively machined, it may be discarded and another specimen substituted.8. Retests8.1 When one or more representative test specimens do not conform to specificati
21、on requirements for the tested characteristic,only a single retest for each nonconforming characteristic may be performed to establish product acceptability. Retests shall beperformed on twice the number of representative specimens that were originally nonconforming. When any retest specimen doesnot
22、 conform to specification requirements for the characteristic in question, the lot represented by that specimen shall be rejected,heat-treated or reheat-treated in accordance with 4.5, and tested in accordance with Sections 6 and 7.9. Reports of Testing9.1 Upon request of the purchaser in the contra
23、ct or order, a report of the test results and chemical analyses shall be furnished.The specification designation included on reports of testing shall include year of issue and revision letter, if any.10. Repair by Welding10.1 Repair welding, by the manufacturer, is permissible for parts made to dime
24、nsional standards such as those of ANSI orequivalent standards.10.2 Prior approval of the purchaser shall be required to weld repair special parts made to the purchasers requirements.10.3 The composition of the weld deposits shall be similar to the base metal and in accordance with the procedure qua
25、lificationfor the applicable material. Welding shall be accomplished with a weld procedure designed to produce low hydrogen in theweldment. Short-circuit gas metal arc welding is permissible only with the approval of the purchaser.11. Product Marking of Forgings11.1 Identification marks consisting o
26、f the manufacturers symbol or name, designation of service rating, See SpecificationA961/A961Mnumber, class, and size shall be legibly forged or stamped on each forging, and in such a position as not to injurethe usefulness of the forgingsTABLE 1 Chemical RequirementsElement Composition, %Classes 60
27、 and 70Carbon, max 0.35Manganese, max 1.10APhosphorus, max 0.05Silicon 0.10-0.35Sulfur, max 0.05A Manganese may be increased to 1.65 % max provided the carbon is reduced0.01 % for each 0.06 % increase in manganese over the limit shown in the table.A181/A181M 13211.2 Bar CodingIn addition to the requ
28、irements in 11.1, bar coding is acceptable as a supplementary identification method.The purchaser may specify in the order a specific bar coding system to be used. The bar coding system, if applied at the discretionof the supplier, should be consistent with one of the published industry standards fo
29、r bar coding. If used on small parts the bar codemay be applied to the box or a substantially applied tag.12. Certificate of Compliance Certification12.1 When specifiedSee Specification A961/A961Min the purchase order or contract, a producers or suppliers certificationshall be furnished to the purch
30、aser that the material was manufactured, sampled, tested, and inspected in accordance with thisspecification and has been found to meet the requirements. The specification designation included on certificates of complianceshall include year of issue and revision letter, if any12.2 When specified in
31、the purchase order or contract, a reportA test report of the results for chemistry (Section 5 ofand Table1the test results ) and tensile properties (Section 6 and Table 2) shall be furnished.13. Keywords13.1 pipe fittings, steel; piping applications; pressure containing parts; steel forgings, carbon
32、; steel valvesSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSS1. Carbon EquivalentS1.1 The maximum carbon equivalent based on heat analysis shall be as follows:Class Maximum Carbon Equivalent ValueMaximum Section ThicknessLess Than or Equal to 2 in.Maximum Section ThicknessGreater Than 2 in.60700.450.470.460.48S1.2 Dete
33、rmine the carbon equivalent (CE) as follows:CE 5C1Mn61Cr1Mo1V51Ni1Cu15S1.3 A lower maximum carbon equivalent may be agreed upon between the supplier and the purchaser.S1.4 When this Supplementary Requirement is invoked, all elements in the carbon equivalent formula shall be analyzed andthe amounts r
34、eported.TABLE 2 Tensile RequirementsClass 60 Class 70Tensile strength, min, ksi MPa 60 415 70 485Yield strength,A min, ksi MPa 30 205 36 250Elongation in 2 in. 50 mm, min, % 22 18Reduction of area, min, % 35 24A Determined by either the 0.2 % offset method or the 0.5 % extension-under-loadmethod.A18
35、1/A181M 133SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this specification since the last issue,A181/A181M06(2011)A181/A181M,12, that may impact the use of this specification. (Approved May 1,2012)October 1, 2013)(1) Revised Footnote ASections 11 ofand Table 112
36、 to increase Mn maximum.on marking and certification.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent ri
37、ghts, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for
38、 revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing
39、 you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).A181/A181M 134
