1、Designation: A 231/A 231M 04Standard Specification forChromium-Vanadium Alloy Steel Spring Wire1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 231/A 231M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers round chromium-van
3、adiumalloy steel spring wire having properties and quality intendedfor the manufacture of springs used at moderately elevatedtemperatures. This wire shall be either in the annealed andcold-drawn or oil-tempered condition as specified by thepurchaser.1.2 The values stated in either SI (metric) units
4、or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system are not exact equivalents; there-fore, each system must be used independent of the other.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testingof Steel Product
5、sA 700 Practices for Packaging, Marking, and LoadingMethods for Steel Products for Domestic ShipmentA 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology forChemical Analysis of Steel ProductsA 752 Specification for General Requirements for WireRods and Coarse Round Wire, Alloy SteelE 29 Practice for Using
6、 Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications2.2 ANSI Standard:B 32.4M Preferred Metric Sizes for Round, Square, Rect-angle, and Hexagon Metal Products32.3 Military Standard:MIL-STD-163 Steel Mill Products, Preparation for Ship-ment and Storage42.4 Federal Standard:Fed
7、. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)42.5 AIAG Standard:AIAGB-5 02.00 Primary Metals Identification Tag Applica-tion Standard53. Ordering Information3.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specifyall requirements that are necessary for material under thisspecification.
8、Such requirements may include, but are notlimited to, the following:3.1.1 Quantity (mass),3.1.2 Name of material (chromium-vanadium alloy steelwire),3.1.3 Wire diameter (Table 1 and Table 2),3.1.4 Packaging (Section 14),3.1.5 Cast or heat analysis report (if requested) (5.2),3.1.6 Certification or t
9、est report, or both, if specified (Sec-tion 13), and3.1.7 ASTM designation and date of issue.NOTE 1A typical ordering description is as follows: 20 000 kgoil-tempered chromium-vanadium alloy steel wire, size 6.00 mm in150-kg coils to ASTM A 231M dated_ , or for inch-pound units,40 000 lb oil-tempere
10、d chromium-vanadium alloy steel spring wire, size0.250 in. in 350-lb coils to ASTM A 231 dated_.4. Materials and Manufacture4.1 The steel may be made by any commercially acceptedsteelmaking process. The steel may be either ingot cast orstrand cast.4.2 The finished wire shall be free from detrimental
11、 pipeand undue segregation.5. Chemical Composition5.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements as tochemical composition specified in Table 3.5.2 Cast or Heat AnalysisEach cast or heat of steel shallbe analyzed by the manufacturer to determine the percentage ofelements prescribed in Table 3. This
12、 analysis shall be madefrom a test specimen preferably taken during the pouring of the1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.03 on Steel Rod and Wire.Current edition approved
13、 Sept. 1, 2004. Published September 2004. Originallyapproved in 1939. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as A 231/A 231M 96 (2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume inf
14、ormation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 191
15、11-50985Available from Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG), 26200 Lahser Rd.,Suite 200, Southfield, MI 48034.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.cast o
16、r heat. When requested, this shall be reported to thepurchaser and shall conform to the requirements of Table 3.5.3 Product AnalysisAn analysis may be made by thepurchaser from finished wire representing each cast or heat ofsteel. The chemical composition thus determined, as to ele-ments required or
17、 restricted, shall conform to the productanalysis requirements specified in Table 5 of SpecificationA 752.5.4 For referee purposes, Test Methods, Practices, andTerminology A 751 shall be used.6. Mechanical Properties6.1 Annealed and Cold DrawnWhen purchased in theannealed and cold-drawn condition, t
18、he wire shall have beengiven a sufficient amount of cold working to meet the purchas-ers coiling requirements and shall be in a suitable condition torespond properly to heat treatment. In special cases thehardness, or tensile strength, if desired, shall be stated in thepurchase order.6.2 Oil Tempere
19、dWhen purchased in the oil-temperedcondition, the tensile strength and minimum percent reductionof area, sizes 2.50 mm or 0.105 in. and coarser, of the wireshall conform to the requirements as shown in Table 1 or Table2.6.2.1 Number of TestsOne test specimen shall be taken foreach ten coils, or frac
20、tion thereof, in a lot. Each cast or heat ina given lot shall be tested.6.2.2 Location of TestsTest specimens shall be taken fromeither end of the coil.6.2.3 Test MethodThe tension test shall be made inaccordance with Test Methods and Definitions A 370.6.3 Wrap Test:6.3.1 Oil tempered or cold drawn
21、wire 4.00 mm or 0.162 in.and smaller in diameter shall wind on itself as an arbor withoutbreakage. Larger diameter wire up to and including 8.00 mm or0.312 in. in diameter shall wrap without breakage on a mandreltwice the wire diameter. The wrap test is not applicable to wireover 8.00 mm or 0.312 in
22、. in diameter.6.3.2 Number of TestsOne test specimen shall be taken foreach ten coils, or fraction thereof, in a lot. Each cast or heat ina given lot shall be tested.6.3.3 Location of TestTest specimens shall be taken fromeither end of the coil.6.3.4 Test MethodThe wrap test shall be made in accor-d
23、ance with Supplement IV of Test Methods and DefinitionsA 370.7. Metallurgical Properties7.1 Surface Condition:7.1.1 The surface of the wire as received shall be free of rustand excessive scale. No serious die marks, scratches, or surfaceimperfections shall be present. Based upon examination ofTABLE
24、1 Tensile Requirements, SI UnitsADiameter,BmmTensile Strength, MPa Reduction of Areas,min, %min max0.50 2060 2260C0.55 2050 2240C0.60 2030 2220C0.65 2010 2200C0.70 2000 2160C0.80 1980 2140C0.90 1960 2120C1.00 1940 2100C1.10 1920 2080C1.20 1900 2060C1.40 1860 2020C1.60 1820 1980C1.80 1800 1960C2.00 1
25、780 1930C2.20 1750 1900C2.50 1720 1860 452.80 1680 1830 453.00 1660 1800 453.50 1620 1760 454.00 1580 1720 404.50 1560 1680 405.00 1520 1640 405.50 1480 1620 406.00 1460 1600 406.50 1440 1580 407.00 1420 1560 408.00 1400 1540 409.00 1380 1520 4010.00 1360 1500 4011.00 1340 1480 4012.00 1320 1460 40A
26、Tensile strength values for intermediate diameters may be interpolated.BPreferred sizes. For a complete list, refer to ANSI B 32.4M, Preferred MetricSizes for Round, Square, Rectangle, and Hexagon Metal Products.CThe reduction of area test is not applicable to wire diameters under 2.34 mm.TABLE 2 Te
27、nsile Requirements, Inch-Pound UnitsADiameter,Bin.Tensile Strength, ksi Reduction of Area,min, %min max0.020 300 325C0.032 290 315C0.041 280 305C0.054 270 295C0.062 265 290C0.080 255 275C0.105 245 265 450.135 235 255 450.162 225 245 400.192 220 240 400.244 210 230 400.283 205 225 400.312 203 223 400
28、.375 200 220 400.438 195 215 400.500 190 210 40ATensile strength values for intermediate diameters may be interpolated.BPreferred sizes. For a complete list, refer to ANSI B 32.4M, Preferred MetricSizes for Round, Square, Rectangle, and Hexagon Metal Products.CThe reduction of area test is not appli
29、cable to wire diameters under 0.092 in.TABLE 3 Chemical RequirementsElement Analysis, %Carbon 0.480.53Manganese 0.700.90Phosphorus 0.040 maxSulfur 0.040 maxSilicon 0.150.35Chromium 0.801.10Vanadium 0.15 minA 231/A 231M 042etched end specimen, surface imperfections shall not exceed3.5 % of the wire d
30、iameter, or 0.25 mm or 0.010 in., whicheveris the smaller as measured on a transverse section.7.1.2 Number of TestsOne test specimen shall be taken foreach ten coils, or fraction thereof, in a lot. Each cast or heat ina given lot shall be tested.7.1.3 Location of TestTest specimens shall be taken fr
31、omeither or both ends of the coil.7.1.4 Test MethodThe surface shall be examined afteretching in a solution of equal parts of hydrochloric acid andwater that has been heated to approximately 80C. Test endsshall be examined using 103 magnification. Any specimenwhich shows questionable surface imperfe
32、ctions of borderlinedepth shall have a transverse section taken from the unetchedarea, properly mounted and polished and examined to measurethe depth of the imperfection.7.2 Decarburization:7.2.1 The depth of complete decarburization (free ferrite)shall not exceed 0.75 % of the wire diameter. The to
33、tal affecteddepth (free ferrite plus partial decarburization) shall not exceed2 % of the wire diameter on all sizes of wire.7.2.2 Test MethodDecarburization shall be determined byetching a suitably polished transverse section of the wire withnital. The entire periphery to be examined shall be in a s
34、ingleplane with no edge rounding.7.2.3 The entire periphery shall be examined at a magnifi-cation of no less than 1003 for depth of free ferrite and totalaffected depth. Smaller wire diameters may require highermagnification. Measure the worst area present excluding de-carburization associated with
35、any surface imperfections. Com-plete decarburization exists when only free ferrite is present.Partial decarburization exists when ferrite is found mixed withpearlite or tempered martensite, depending on the wire pro-cessing.7.2.4 Decarburization shall be checked on annealed wire bygiving a wire samp
36、le an austenitize, oil quench and temper heattreatment. A flat shall be ground on the test sample prior to heattreatment. The flat shall have a minimum width equal to onehalf of the wire diameter. Any decarburization visible on thisground section shall necessitate a retest with new samples. Ifno dec
37、arburization is visible on the ground flat after heattreatment, evaluate the complete wire section in accordancewith 7.2.3.8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations8.1 The permissible variations in the diameter of the wireshall be as specified in Table 4 or Table 5.9. Workmanship and Appearance9.1 An
38、nealed and Cold DrawnThe wire shall not bekinked or improperly cast. To test for cast, a few convolutionsof wire shall be cut loose from the coil and placed on a flatsurface. The wire shall lie flat on itself and not spring up norshow a wavy condition.9.2 Oil TemperedThe wire shall be uniform in qua
39、lity andtemper and shall not be wavy or crooked.9.3 Each coil shall be one continuous length of wireproperly coiled. Welds made prior to cold drawing are permit-ted. If unmarked welds are unacceptable to the purchaser,special arrangements should be made with the manufacturer atthe time of the purcha
40、se.9.4 AppearanceThe surface shall be smooth and free ofpits, die marks, and other imperfections tending to impair theuse of the wire for springs. Any additional surface require-ments shall be negotiated at the time of entry of the order.10. Retests10.1 If any test specimen exhibits obvious imperfec
41、tions orshows the presence of a weld, it may be discarded and anotherspecimen substituted.11. Inspection11.1 Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchaseorder, the manufacturer is responsible for the performance ofall inspection and test requirements specified in this specifica-tion. Excep
42、t as otherwise specified in the contract or purchaseorder, the manufacturer may use his own or any other suitablefacilities for the performance of the inspection and testrequirements unless disapproved by the purchaser at the timethe order is placed. The purchaser shall have the right toperform any
43、of the inspections and tests set forth in thisspecification when such inspections and tests are deemednecessary to assure that the material conforms to prescribedrequirements.12. Rejection and Rehearing12.1 Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on testsmade in accordance with this specific
44、ation shall be reported tothe manufacturer as soon as possible so that an investigationmay be initiated.12.2 The material shall be adequately protected and cor-rectly identified in order that the manufacturer may make aproper investigation.13. Certification13.1 When specified in the purchase order o
45、r contract, amanufacturers or suppliers certification shall be furnished toTABLE 4 Permissible Variations in Wire Diameter, SI UnitsADiameter, mmPermissibleVariations, plus andminus, mmPermissible Out-ofRound, mmTo 0.70, incl 0.02 0.02Over 0.70 to 2.00, incl 0.03 0.03Over 2.00 to 9.00, incl 0.05 0.0
46、5Over 9.00 0.08 0.08AFor purposes of determining conformance with this specification, all specifiedlimits are absolute as defined in Practice E 29.TABLE 5 Permissible Variations in Wire Diameter, Inch-PoundUnitsADiameter, in.PermissibleVariations, plus andminus, in.Permissible Out-of-Round, in.0.020
47、 to 0.028, incl 0.0008 0.0008Over 0.028 to 0.075, incl 0.001 0.001Over 0.075 to 0.375, incl 0.002 0.002Over 0.375 to 0.500, incl 0.003 0.003AFor purposes of determining conformance with this specification, all specifiedlimits are absolute as defined in Practice E 29.A 231/A 231M 043the purchaser tha
48、t the material was manufactured, sampled,tested, and inspected in accordance with this specification andhas been found to meet the requirements. When specified in thepurchase order or contract, a report of the test results shall befurnished.13.2 The certification shall include the specification num-
49、ber, year date of issue, and revision letter, if any.14. Packaging, Marking, and Loading for Shipment14.1 The coil mass, dimensions, and the method of packag-ing shall be as agreed upon between the manufacturer andpurchaser.14.2 The size of the wire, purchasers order number, ASTMSpecification number, heat number, and name or mark of themanufacturer shall be marked on a tag securely attached toeach coil of wire.14.3 Unless otherwise specified in the purchasers order,packing, marking, and loading for shipments shall be inaccordance with those
