1、Designation:A781/A781M12 Designation: A781/A781M 12aStandard Specification forCastings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, forGeneral Industrial Use1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A781/A781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements that are mandatory req
3、uirements of the following steel castingspecifications issued byASTM. If the product specification specifies different requirements, the product specification shall prevail.ASTMDesignation Title of SpecificationA27/A27M Steel Castings, Carbon, for General ApplicationA128/A128M Steel Castings, Austen
4、itic ManganeseA148/A148M Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Pur-posesA297/A297M Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant for GeneralApplicationA447/A447M Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy(25-12 Class), for High-Temperature ServiceA494/A494M Castings,
5、 Nickel and Nickel AlloyA560/A560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA743/A743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel,Corrosion Resistant, for General ApplicationA744/A744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Re-sistant, for SevereA747/A747M Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Harden
6、-ingA890/A890M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-MolybdenumCorrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic)for General ApplicationA915/A915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemical Re-quirements Similar to Standard Wrought GradesA958 Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with TensileRequirements, Chemi
7、cal Requirements Similiarto Standard Wrought GradesA1002 Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered Alloy1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementary requirements that may be applied to the above specifications asindicated therein. These are provided for use when additional testing or inspecti
8、on is desired and apply only when specifiedindividually by the purchaser in the order.1.3 The requirements of the individual material specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded sepa
9、rately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A27/A27M Specification fo
10、r Steel Castings, Carbon, for General ApplicationA128/A128M Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic ManganeseA148/A148M Specification for Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Purposes1This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM CommitteeA01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related
11、Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.18on Castings.Current edition approved Jan.March 1, 2012. Published FebruaryApril 2012. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20112012 asA781/A781M 112. DOI: 10.1520/A0781_A0781M-12A.2For referencedASTM standards, vi
12、sit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM stan
13、dard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by AST
14、M is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.A297/A297M Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium
15、-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for GeneralApplicationA370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsA380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and SystemsA447/A447M Specification for Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-
16、12 Class), for High-Temperature ServiceA488/A488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifications of Procedures and PersonnelA494/A494M Specification for Castings, Nickel and Nickel AlloyA560/A560M Specification for Castings, Chromium-Nickel AlloyA609/A609M Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Al
17、loy, and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination ThereofA743/A743M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for General Applica-tionA744/A744M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for Severe ServiceA747/A747M
18、Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation HardeningA751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel ProductsA800/A800M Practice for Steel Casting, Austenitic Alloy, Estimating Ferrite Content ThereofA802/A802M Practice for Steel Castings, Surface Acceptan
19、ce Standards, Visual ExaminationA890/A890M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic) for General ApplicationA915/A915M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, andAlloy, Chemical Requirements Similar to Standard Wrought GradesA941
20、Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and FerroalloysA958 Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with Tensile Requirements, Chemical Requirements Similar toStandard Wrought GradesA967 Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatments for Stainless Steel PartsA9
21、91/A991M Test Method for Conducting Temperature Uniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat Steel ProductsA1002 Specification for Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered AlloyA1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel ProductsMetricE94 Guide for Radiographic ExaminationE125 Reference Photogr
22、aphs for Magnetic Particle Indications on Ferrous CastingsE165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Examination for General IndustryE186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 412-in. (50.8 to 114-mm) Steel CastingsE280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (412 to 12-in. (114 to 305-mm) Steel Casti
23、ngsE340 Test Method for Macroetching Metals and AlloysE353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless, Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-Nickel-IronAlloysE354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, andCoba
24、lt AlloysE446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in ThicknessE709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 The definitions in Test Methods and Definitions A370, Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751, and Terminology, TerminologyA941,
25、and Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products MetricA1058 are applicable to this specificationand those listed in 1.1.3.1.2 test coupon, nthe part from which the test specimen will be extracted.3.1.3 test specimen, nthe part that will be acted upon in a test.4. Materials and Manufacture4
26、.1 Melting ProcessThe steel shall be made by open-hearth or electric furnace process with or without separate refining, suchas argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), unless otherwise specified in the individual specification.4.2 Heat Treatment:4.2.1 Castings shall be heat treated in the working zone of
27、 a furnace that has been surveyed in accordance with Test MethodA991/A991M.4.2.2 When castings are heat treated at temperatures above 2000F 1100C, then the working zone shall have been establishedby a survey performed at not more than 25F 15C below nor more than 200F 110C above the minimum heat trea
28、tmenttemperature specified for the grade. If a minimum heat treatment temperature is not specified for the grade, then the surveytemperature shall be not more than 50F 30C below nor more than 175F 100C above the furnace set point used.4.2.3 The maximum variation in measured temperature as determined
29、 by the difference between the highest temperature and thelowest temperature shall be as agreed between the purchaser and producer except that during production heat treatment, no portionA781/A781M 12a2of the furnace shall be below the minimum specified temperature nor above the maximum specified te
30、mperature for the grade beingprocessed.5. Chemical Composition5.1 Chemical AnalysisChemical analysis of materials covered by this specification shall be in accordance with Test Methods,Practices, and Terminology A751.5.2 Heat AnalysisAn analysis of each heat shall be made by the manufacturer to dete
31、rmine the percentages of the elementsspecified in the individual specification for the grade being poured. The analysis shall be made from a test sample preferably takenduring the pouring of the heat. When drillings are used, they shall be taken not less than14 in. 6.4 mm beneath the surface. Theche
32、mical composition thus determined shall conform to the requirements in the individual specification for the grade being poured.5.3 Product AnalysisA product analysis may be made by the purchaser from material representing each heat, lot, or casting.The analysis shall be made on representative materi
33、al. Samples for carbon analysis of carbon and alloy steel shall be taken nocloser than14 in. 6 mm to a cast surface, except that castings too thin for this shall be analyzed on representative material. Thechemical composition thus determined shall meet the requirements specified in the applicable sp
34、ecification for the grade involved,or shall be subject to rejection by the purchaser, except that the chemical composition determined for carbon and low alloy steelcastings may vary from the specified limits by the amounts shown in Table 1. The product analysis tolerances of Table 1 are notapplicabl
35、e as acceptance criteria for heat analysis by the casting manufacturer. When comparing product and heat analysis for otherthan carbon and low alloy steels, the reproducibility Data R2, in Test Methods E353 or E354, as applicable, shall be taken intoconsideration.5.4 Unspecified ElementsWhen chemical
36、 analysis for elements not specified for the grade ordered is desired, SupplementaryRequirement S13 may be specified.5.5 Grade SubstitutionGrade substitution is not permitted. Grade substitution occurs when the material being suppliedcontains one or more elements that are not specified for the suppl
37、ied material such that the material conforms to the requirementsof a different grade.6. Mechanical Test Requirements6.1 The individual product specifications vary as to whether mechanical tests are required; for this reason, and to determinespecific test requirements, the individual product specific
38、ation should be reviewed.TABLE 1 Product Analysis TolerancesElement Range, %ATolerancesB,COverMaximum or UnderMinimum Limit, %C upto0.65above 0.650.03 3 %CL+ 0.020.04Mn up to 1above 10.08 3 %MnL+ 0.010.09Si up to 0.60above 0.600.22 3 %SiL 0.010.15P all 0.13 3 %PL+ 0.005S all 0.36 3 %SL+ 0.001Ni up t
39、o 2 0.10 3 %NiL+ 0.03above 2 0.25Cr up to 2above 20.07 3 %CrL+ 0.040.18Mo up to 0.6above 0.60.04 3 %MoL+ 0.030.06V upto0.25above 0.250.23 3 %VL+ 0.0040.06W upto0.10above 0.100.08 3 %WL+ 0.020.02Cu up to 0.15above 0.150.18 3 %CuL+ 0.020.05Al up to 0.10above 0.100.08 3 %AlL+ 0.020.03AThe range denotes
40、 the composition limits up to which tolerances are computedby the equation, and above which the tolerances are given by a constant.BThe subscriptLfor the elements in each equation indicates that the limits of theelement specified by the applicable specification are to be inserted into theequation to
41、 calculate the tolerance for the upper limit and the lower limit (ifapplicable), respectively. Examples of computing tolerances are presented infootnote C.CTo illustrate the computation of the tolerance, consider the manganesemaximum of 0.70 for a 0.30 carbon grade 65-35 in Specification A27/A27M. T
42、hemaximum permissible deviation is (0.08 3 0.70 + 0.01) = 0.066. Therefore, thehighest acceptable product analysis is 0.766. Similarly, for a 0.20 carbon grade70-40 in Specification A27/A27M, the maximum manganese content is 1.40; thus,the highest acceptable product analysis is (1.40 + 0.09) = 1.49.
43、A781/A781M 12a36.2 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, when mechanical properties are required by the product specification, testcoupons may be cast integrally with the castings, or as separate blocks, in accordance with Fig. 1, Fig. 2, or Fig. 3, except whenSupplementary Requirement S15 is
44、 specified. The test coupon in Fig. 3 shall be employed only for austenitic alloy castings withcross sections less than 212 in. 65 mm.36.3 Choice of testing track from the options listed in Test Methods A1058 when material is ordered to an M suffix (SI units)product standard, should be identified by
45、 the purchaser in the ordering information. If the choice of test track is not specified in3Information on the relationship of mechanical properties determined on test coupons obtained as specified in 6.2 with those obtained from the casting may be found inThe Steel Casting Handbook, Fifth Edition,
46、Steel Founders Society of America, pp. 15-35 through 15-43, 1980.Metric Equivalentsin.mm3164.81213114321344525121457378985127838213Leg Design 125 mm Riser Design1. L (length) A 5 in. 125 mm minimum length will be used. Thislength may be increased at the option of the foundry toaccommodate additional
47、 test specimens (see Note 1).1. L (length) The length of the riser at the base will be the same asthe top length of the leg. The length of the riser at thetop therefore depends on the amount of taper added tothe riser.2. End Taper Use of and size of end taper is at the option of thefoundry.2. Width
48、The width of the riser at the base of a multiple-leg cou-pon shall be n (214) 57 mm -58 16 mm wheren equals the number of legs attached to the coupon.The width of the riser at the top is therefore dependenton the amount of taper added to the riser.3. Height 114 in. 32 mm4. Width (at top) 114 32 mm (
49、see Note 1).5. Radius (at bottom)12 in. 13 mm, max6. Spacing between legs A12-in. 13-mm radius will be used between the legs. 3. T (riser taper)HeightUse of and size is at the option of the foundry. Theminimum height of the riser shall be 2 in. 51 mm. Themaximum height is at the option of the foundry for thefollowing reasons: (a) many risers are cast open, (b)different compositions may require variation in riseringfor soundness, and (c) different pouring temperaturesmay require variation
