1、Designation: A 987/A 987M 09Standard Practice forMeasuring Shape Characteristics of Tin Mill Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 987/A 987M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 Shape is a significant quality characteristic for tin millproducts. Plate-shape is affected by mill process factors plus
3、the temper, thickness and width of the material supplied. It isthe purpose of this practice to define accurately the differentplate shape characteristics and to describe the practice(s) mostcommonly used to measure particular characteristics.1.2 Quantitative limits are not addressed and should beest
4、ablished on an individual producer and user basis, whereappropriate.1.3 The values stated in either in-pound or SI units are to beregarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown inbrackets. The values stated in each system must be usedindependently of the other. Combining values from t
5、he twosystems may result in nonconformance with this specification.1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and to determine the applicab
6、ility of regula-tory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 599/A 599M Specification for Tin Mill Products, Electro-lytic Tin-Coated, Cold-Rolled SheetA 623 Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Require-mentsA 623M Specification for Tin Mill Products, General Re
7、-quirements MetricA 624/A 624M Specification for Tin Mill Products, Electro-lytic Tin Plate, Single ReducedA 625/A 625M Specification for Tin Mill Products, BlackPlate, Single-ReducedA 626/A 626M Specification for Tin Mill Products, Electro-lytic Tin Plate, Double ReducedA 650/A 650M Specification f
8、or Tin Mill Products, BlackPlate, Double ReducedA 657/A 657M Specification for Tin Mill Products, BlackPlate Electrolytic Chromium-Coated, Single and DoubleReduced3. Classification3.1 The substrate shall conform to all the requirements ofthe appropriate specifications as follows: Specifications A 62
9、3,A 623M, A 599/A 599M, A 624/A 624M, A 625/A 625M,A 626/A 626M, A 650/A 650M, and A 657.4. Significance and Use4.1 The definitions and procedures for measuring shapecharacteristics of tin mill products are provided so that pur-chasers and suppliers have common measuring procedures anddefinitions of
10、 shape characteristics. These procedures providedefinitions and measuring techniques of shape characteristics.The intention of these definitions and measuring practices isnot to provide a dimensional specification for shape character-istics, but rather common procedure(s) for quantifying shapeanomal
11、ies.5. Interferences5.1 Measurement of shape often has been subjective, at best.Successful measurement of various shape anomalies on quan-titative terms requires recognition of several factors that caninterfere with accurate measurements.5.1.1 Flat surfaces are required. Measurement of severalanomal
12、ies require laying of the sample on a flat surface. Amachined flat surface is recommended. Laying a sample on afloor may introduce error due to areas on a floor that are notflat.5.1.2 Several anomalies are measured by hanging the sheet.Hanging by holding the sample with a hand can introduce errorfro
13、m pressures exerted by fingers. A mechanical single deviceclamp to help hold these samples is recommended.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.20 on Tin Mill Products.Current edi
14、tion approved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as A 987 - 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informati
15、on, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.1.3 Stepblock gauges or tapered gauges should bec
16、hecked regularly with a calibrated hand micrometer. Wear ordirt build up could affect accuracy.5.1.4 Computer-based shape measuring instruments must beclean and the sensors must be in good condition. The sheetsample must be damage free.6. Apparatus6.1 Appropriate tools to measure shape anomalies are
17、 de-scribed along with drawings (attached) as required.6.1.1 Flat Surfaces Accurate measurements of shapeanomalies require a flat surface, machined flat preferred.6.1.2 Machined Stepblock GaugeSee Fig. 1, typically,steps are in116-in. increments.6.1.3 Tapered Gauge See Fig. 2.6.1.4 Standard Ruler or
18、 Tape Measure.6.1.5 Hand Micrometer.6.1.6 Shape Test JigFig. 3, or other shape test jigs ofappropriate design.6.1.7 Light-Weight Straight-Edge.6.1.8 Computer-based Shape Measuring Instruments aredesigned for flatness measurements on samples of cold rolledsheet products or tin mill products.7. Proced
19、ureDefinitions and Measuring Practices of ShapeAnomalies7.1 Wavy Edge (See Fig. 4):7.1.1 DefinitionA series of rolling direction edge devia-tions from a recognized flat surface. When a sample is placedon a recognized flat table, wavy edges will appear as undula-tions along the edge, having the heigh
20、t (A) and a measurablecycle (B). This defect can be quantified using the “I” unit (seeSection 8) or steepness calculations.7.1.2 Measuring Practices:7.1.2.1 A sample of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m in length bycoil width is placed on a flat table. Measure the height ( A)atthe peak point of each wave fro
21、m the recognized flat surfacewith a tapered gauge or a stepblock gauge. Also measure thecycle length (B) from peak to peak of each wave with a ruleror tape measure.7.1.2.2 Measure using a computer-based shape measuringinstrument or other instrument of appropriate design.7.2 Ridge Buckle, Quarter Buc
22、kle, Center Buckle (see Fig.5):7.2.1 DefinitionThese buckles are continuous deviationsfrom a recognized flat surface occurring usually in narrowwidth areas parallel to the rolling direction other than at thesheet edges.7.2.2 Measuring Practices:7.2.2.1 A sheet sample of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m by c
23、oilwidth is placed on a flat table. Push material diagonally alongthe sample to within 4 in. 10 cm of the selected corner andmeasure the vertical uplift using a tapered gauge or a stepblockgauge.7.2.2.2 Shear through the center line of the shape anomalyand measure as an edge wave using a tapered gau
24、ge or astepblock gauge.7.2.2.3 Measure using a computer-based shape measuringinstrument or other instrument of appropriate design.7.3 Full Center (see Fig. 6):7.3.1 DefinitionAny overall deviation of a sheet from arecognized flat surface occurring over a major portion of thesheet width parallel to t
25、he rolling direction other than at thesheet edges.7.3.2 Measuring Practices:7.3.2.1 A sheet sample of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m by coilwidth is placed on a flat table. Push material diagonally alongthe sample until the maximum lift occurs at the selected cornerand measure the vertical uplift using a
26、tapered gauge or astepblock gauge, or a standard ruler.7.3.2.2 Shear through the center line of the shape anomalyand measure as an edge wave using a tapered gauge or astepblock gauge.7.3.2.3 Measure using a computer-based shape measuringinstrument or other instrument of appropriate design.7.4 Edge L
27、ift (see Fig. 7):7.4.1 DefinitionAny deviation of one sheet edge otherthan a wavy edge. This edge lift is parallel to the rollingdirection and rises when placed on a recognized flat surface.7.4.2 Measuring Practice A sheet sample of approxi-mately 3 ft 0.9 m by coil width is placed on a flat table.
28、Pushmaterial diagonally along the sheet until the maximum liftoccurs at the selected edge and measure the vertical distance(A) with a tapered gauge, a stepblock gauge, or a standard ruler.7.5 Coil Set and Reverse Coil Set (see Fig. 8):NOTE 1This is a stepblock gauge for all thicknesses and sizes of
29、cut sheets.NOTE 2Dimensions given are approximate overall dimensions.FIG. 1 Shape Stepblock GaugeA 987/A 987M 092NOTE 1This is a tapered gauge for all thicknesses and sizes of cut sheets.FIG. 2 Shape Tapered GaugeNOTE 1To measure line bow (up or down) requires the use of a shape test jig.FIG. 3 Shap
30、e Test JigFIG. 4 Wavy EdgeFIG. 5 Ridge Buckle, Quarter Buckle, Center BuckleA 987/A 987M 0937.5.1 DefinitionA bow condition or deviation in the sheetas measured from a recognized flat surface. The deviation runsparallel with the rolling direction and takes the shape of a coil.Reverse coil set revers
31、es the shape of a coil. The degree of coilFIG. 6 Full CenterFIG. 7 Edge LiftFIG. 8 Coil Set and Reverse Coil SetA 987/A 987M 094set usually is determined in a vertical, free-hanging positionwhen held against a straight-edge. Use of the shape test jig(Fig. 3) is highly recommended for this measuremen
32、t.7.5.2 Measuring Practices:7.5.2.1 A sheet sample of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m by coilwidth should be held by a clamp or with the thumb and indexfinger. Hold the sample in the center of the rolling directiondimension. Hold the samples edges against a recognizedstraight edge, and measure the deviatio
33、n (A) from the edge tothe center of the sample. Use a rule accurate to116 in. or 1mm.7.5.2.2 Measure the edge rise (A) of the sheet laying on arecognized flat surface.7.6 Twist (see Fig. 9):7.6.1 DefinitionA combination of shape anomalies thatresults in a twisting of the sheet where diagonal corners
34、 willbow in opposite directions when the sheet is held in a vertical,free-hanging position.7.6.2 Measuring Practices:7.6.2.1 A sheet sample of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m by coilwidth should be placed on a flat table. Measure the edge lift (A)on one side then turn the sheet over and measure the edge li
35、fton the other side of the sample. Measure using a tapered gaugeor a stepblock gauge.7.6.2.2 A sheet sample of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m by coilwidth should be held by a clamp or with the thumb and indexfinger in the center of the rolling direction dimension. Measurethe amount of the twist by the dev
36、iation of one of the cornersfrom a flat surface using a ruler. Flip the sample 180 andmeasure the deviation from vertical of the other corner, usinga ruler.7.7 Crossbow (see Fig. 10):7.7.1 DefinitionAn edge deviation in the sheet runningperpendicular to the rolling direction. Both rolling directione
37、dges are raised measurable amounts (A) from a recognized flatsurface. The degree of cross bow usually is determined in avertical, free-hanging position held against a straight edge. Useof the shape test jig (Fig. 3) is highly recommended for thismeasurement.7.7.2 Measuring Practices:7.7.2.1 A sheet
38、sample of approximately 3 ft 0.9 m by coilwidth should be held by a clamp or with the thumb and theindex finger in the center of sheet dimension that is perpen-dicular to the rolling direction. In case of dispute, a clamp nomore than 2 in. 50.8 mm wide shall be used to hold the testsample. Hold the
39、samples edges against a recognized straightedge, and measure the deviation (A) from the straight edge tocenter of the sample. Use a rule accurate to116 in. or 1 mm.7.7.2.2 Measure the edge rise of a sheet lying on a flatsurface.7.8 Camber (see Fig. 11):7.8.1 DefinitionThe greatest deviation of a coi
40、l edge froma straight line. The measurement is taken on the concave sideand is the perpendicular distance from a straight line to thepoint of maximum deviation (A).7.8.2 Measuring Practice:7.8.2.1 A sample of at least 20 ft 6 m is laid next to anaccurate straight edge. The perpendicular distance (A)
41、ismeasured using a ruler accurate to116 in. or 1 mm.7.8.2.2 Alternate Practice of MeasurementMacroAnalysisCut two 20-ft 6-m consecutive sections frommaster coil. Butt together the sections with similar edges. At a10-ft 3-m distance from the end, measure the distancebetween the two edges. Divide this
42、 measurement in half todetermine the actual camber.7.8.2.3 Alternate Practice of MeasurementMicroAnalysisObtain consecutive customer sheared sheets equiva-lent to 20 ft 6 m. Using a squaring table with a sliding gaugeset at zero, slide the gauges right to left along one slit edge. Thereading on the
43、extreme left slit edge of Sheet No. 1 will be thebeginning reading on the extreme right edge of Sheet No. 2.This procedure should be used from consecutive sheet toconsecutive sheet until 20 ft 6 m have been measured. Dividethe final measurement in half to determine the actual camber.7.9 Lateral Weav
44、e (see Fig. 12):7.9.1 DefinitionWeave is defined as oscillation of the coilor sheet edge from a straight line. The measurement is taken onthe concave side and is the perpendicular distance from astraight line to the point of maximum deviation ( A).7.9.2 Measuring Practices:7.9.2.1 Macro Analysis A s
45、heet sample of at least 20 ft 6m in length is laid next to an accurate straight edge. Theperpendicular distance (A) is measured using a ruler accurate to116 in. or 1 mm.FIG. 9 TwistA 987/A 987M 0957.9.2.2 Micro Analysis Obtain consecutive customersheared sheets equivalent to 20 ft 6 m. Using a squar
46、ing tablewith a sliding gauge set at zero, slide to gauges right to leftalong one slit edge. The reading on the extreme left slit edge ofSheet No. 1 will be the beginning reading on the extreme rightedge of Sheet No. 2. This procedure should be used fromconsecutive sheet to consecutive sheet until 2
47、0 ft 6 m havebeen measured. The individual measurements then are plotted,the maximum value being the maximum weave deviation.8. I-Unit Calculation8.1 This calculation assumes that shape irregularities mostclosely conform to sinusoidal wave forms and uses the shapewave length and height for the calcu
48、lation. An alternateapproach is to use % steepness as a measure of the severity ofshape imperfections (see Fig. 13).9. Precision and Bias9.1 PrecisionPrecision is not specified in these measuringpractices. The procedures are provided so that purchasers andsuppliers have common methodology and defini
49、tions of shapecharacteristics.9.2 BiasSince there is no accepted reference materialsuitable for determining the bias of the procedures in thispractice, bias has not been determined.FIG. 10 CrossbowFIG. 11 CamberFIG. 12 Lateral WeaveA 987/A 987M 09610. Keywords10.1 coated steel sheet; shape characteristics; tin mill prod-ucts; tinplateSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommitteeA01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (A 987 - 07)that may impact the use of this standa
