1、Designation: B 439 07Standard Specification forIron-Base Powder Metallurgy (PM) Bearings (OilImpregnated)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers porous metallic
3、 sleeve, flange,thrust, and spherical iron-base bearings that are produced frommixed metal powder utilizing powder metallurgy (PM) tech-nology and then impregnated with oil to supply operatinglubrication.1.2 Included are the specifications for the chemical, physi-cal, and mechanical requirements of
4、those ferrous PM materi-als that have been developed and standardized specifically foruse in the manufacture of these self-lubricating bearings.1.3 This specification is a companion standard to Specifica-tion B 438/B 438M that covers the requirements for Bronze-Base Powder Metallurgy (PM) Bearings (
5、Oil-Impregnated).1.4 Typical applications for iron-base bearings are discussedin Appendix X1.1.5 Commercial bearing dimensional tolerance data areshown in Appendix X2, while engineering information regard-ing installation and operating parameters of PM bearings isincluded in Appendix X3. Additional
6、useful information onself-lubricating bearings can be found in MPIF Standard 35(Bearings) and the technical literature.21.6 With the exception of density values for which theg/cm3unit is the industry standard, the values stated ininch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SIequivalents of
7、inch-pound units, shown in parenthesis, havebeen converted in accordance with IEEE/ASTM StandardSI 10, may be approximate and are only for information.1.7 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest methods described in this specification. This standard doesnot purport to address al
8、l of the safety concerns, if any,associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety and health practicesand determine the applicability of regulatory limitations priorto use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3B 243 Terminology of Pow
9、der MetallurgyB 328 Test Method for Density, Oil Content, and Intercon-nected Porosity of Sintered Metal Structural Parts andOil-Impregnated BearingsB 438/B 438M Specification for Bronze Powder Metallurgy(P/M) Bearings (Oil-Impregnated)B 939 Test Method for Radial Crushing Strength, K,ofPowder Metal
10、lurgy (P/M) Bearings and Structural Materi-alsE9 Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Ma-terials at Room TemperatureE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE 1019 Test Methods for Determination of Carbon, Sulfur,Nitrogen, and Oxyge
11、n in Steel and in Iron, Nickel, andCobalt Alloys2.2 MPIF Standard:4MPIF Standard 35 Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating Bearings2.3 IEEE/ASTM Standard:3SI 10 American National Standard for Use of the Interna-tional System of Units (SI): The Modernized MetricSystem2.4 ISO Standard:51This spec
12、ification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on MetalPowders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee B09.04 on Bearings.Current edition approved June 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Replaces portionsof B 612 and B 782. Originally approved in 1966 to rep
13、lace portions of B 202. Lastprevious edition approved in 2006 as B 439 06.2Machine Design Magazine, Vol 54, No. 14, June 17, 1982, pp. 130142.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards vol
14、ume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from Metal Powder Industries Federations, 105 College Road East,Princeton, NJ 08540, http:/www.infompif.org.5Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 5
15、6, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.ISO 2795 Plain Bearings from Sintered MetalDimensionand Tolerances
16、3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions of the terms used in thisspecification are found in Terminology B 243. Additionaldescriptive information is available in the Related Materialssection of Volume 02.05 of the Annual Book of ASTMStandards.4. Classification4.1 This specification uses the esta
17、blished three-part alpha-numeric PM Material Designation Code to identify the ferrousmaterials used for self-lubricating bearings. The completeexplanation of this classification system is presented in AnnexA1.4.2 The following standard oil-impregnated iron-base bear-ing material compositions are con
18、tained in this specification:4.2.1 Prefix FIron Bearing Material:4.2.1.1 F-0000-K15Iron with less than 0.3 % combinedcarbon at 5.6 to 6.0 g/cm3wet density.4.2.2 Prefix FIron-Carbon (Steel) Bearing Material:4.2.2.1 F-0005-K20Low carbon steel with 0.3 to 0.6 %combined carbon at 5.6 to 6.0 g/cm3wet den
19、sity.4.2.3 Prefix FCIron-CopperBearing Materials:4.2.3.1 FC-1000-K20Iron with 10 % copper at 5.6 to 6.0g/cm3wet density.4.2.3.2 FC-2000-K25Iron with 20 % copper at 5.6 to 6.0g/cm3wet density.4.2.4 Prefix FCTGIron-Bronze-Graphite (Diluted Bronze)Bearing Material:4.2.4.1 FCTG-3604-K2290/10 bronze with
20、 60 % iron and0.75 % graphitic carbon at 6.0 to 6.4 g/cm3wet density.4.2.5 Prefix FGIron-Graphite Bearing Materials:4.2.5.1 FG-0303-K10Iron with less than 0.5 % combinedcarbon and 2.5 % graphitic carbon at 5.6 to 6.0 g/cm3wetdensity.4.2.5.2 FG-0308-K16Steel with 0.5 to 1.0 % combinedcarbon and 2 % g
21、raphitic carbon at 5.6 to 6.0 g/cm3wetdensity.5. Ordering Information5.1 Purchase orders or contracts for iron-base oil-impregnated PM bearings covered by this purchasing specifi-cation shall include the following information:5.1.1 A copy of the bearing print showing dimensions andtolerances (Sectio
22、n 10),5.1.2 Reference to this ASTM specification, including dateof issue,5.1.3 Identification of bearing material by the PM MaterialDesignation Code (Section 4),5.1.4 Request for certification and test report documents, ifrequired (Section 16),5.1.5 Type and grade of special lubricating oil, if requ
23、ired(6.2.3), and5.1.6 Instructions for special packaging, if required (Section17).6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Porous Metallic Bearing:6.1.1 Porous iron-base bearings shall be produced by firstcompacting a mixture of elemental iron powder and copper,tin, pre-alloyed bronze or graphite powders hav
24、ing the speci-fied chemical composition to the required bearing configura-tion and green density.6.1.2 The green bearings shall then be sintered in a furnacehaving a protective atmosphere for a time and temperaturecycle that will produce the required sintered ferrous-base PMmaterial.6.1.3 After sint
25、ering, the iron-base bearings are normallysized to achieve the density, dimensional characteristics, con-centricity, and surface finish required of the metallic bearing.6.2 Oil for Operating Lubrication:6.2.1 The interconnected or open porosity in the bearingsshall be filled to the required volume w
26、ith lubricating oil, eitherby an extended soaking in the hot oil or preferably by a vacuumimpregnation operation.6.2.2 Amedium viscosity petroleum oil is the lubricant usedfor most bearing applications, but extreme operating conditionssuch as elevated temperatures, intermittent rotation, extremelylo
27、w speeds, or heavy loads may require a synthetic lubricant oran oil with a different viscosity.6.2.3 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, a high-grade turbine oil with antifoaming additives and containingcorrosion and oxidation inhibitors, having a kinematic viscos-ity of 280 to 500 SSU (60
28、3 10-6to 110 3 10-6m2/s), (60 to110 cSt) at 100 F (38 C) is normally used as the generalpurpose lubricating oil.7. Chemical Composition7.1 Chemical Composition SpecificationsEach iron-basePM bearing material shall conform to the chemical composi-tion requirements prescribed in Table 1 when determine
29、d on aclean test sample obtained from oil-free bearings.7.2 Limits on Nonspecified ElementsBy agreement be-tween the purchaser and the supplier, limits may be establishedand chemical analyses required for elements or compounds notspecified in Table 1.8. Physical Properties8.1 Wet DensityFor each bea
30、ring material, the wet densityof the as-received bearings, supplied impregnated with lubri-cating oil shall be within the limits prescribed in Table 1.8.2 Oil ContentFor each bearing material, the oil contentof the as-received bearing shall not be less than the minimumpercentage listed in Table 1.8.
31、3 Impregnation EffciencyA minimum of 90 % of theinterconnected porosity in the as-received bearings shall beimpregnated with lubricating oil.9. Mechanical Properties9.1 Radial Crushing StrengthThe radial crushing strengthof the oil-impregnated bearing material determined on a plainsleeve bearing or
32、a test specimen prepared from a flange orspherical bearing shall meet the minimum and maximum (ifrequired) strength values listed in Table 1.B43907210. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations10.1 This specification is applicable to iron-base PM sleeveand flange bearings havinga3to1maximum lengt
33、h to insidediameter ratio and a 20 to 1 maximum length to wall thicknessratio.10.2 Standard sleeve, flange, thrust, and spherical PMbearings covered by this specification are illustrated by Figs.1-4. Most PM bearings are small and weigh less than one-quarter pound (100 g) but they can be produced in
34、 sizes thatwill accommodate shafts up to approximately 8 in. (200 mm)in diameter.10.3 Permissible variations in dimensions shall be withinthe limits specified on the bearing drawing accompanying theorder or shall be within the limits specified in the purchaseorder or contract.10.4 Recommended commer
35、cial tolerances for iron-basePM bearings are referenced throughout the tables in AppendixX2.10.5 Chamfers of 30 to 45 are generally used on PMbearings to break the corners.11. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance11.1 The bearings should have a matte surface, and notshow oxidation. The surfaces of size
36、d bearings should have asmooth bright finish.11.2 When cut or fractured, the exposed surface shallexhibit a uniform appearance.TABLE 1 Specifications for Iron-Base Materials Used in PM BearingsMaterialDesignationCodeChemical Composition Requirements Physical Requirements Mechanical RequirementsIronm
37、ass %CombinedCarbonAmass %GraphiteCarbonmass %Coppermass %Tinmass %All Othersmass %Wet Densityg/cm3Oil Contentvol %Radical Crushing Strength,(K)103psi (MPa)IronF-0000-K15 bal 0.3 max . . . 1.5 max . . . 2.0 max 5.6 to 6.0 21 min 15 min (100 min)Iron-Carbon (Steel)F-0005-K20 bal 0.3to 0.6 . . . 1.5 m
38、ax . . . 2.0 max 5.6 to 6.0 21 min 20 min (140 min)Iron-CopperFC-1000-K20 bal 0.3 max . . . 9.0 to 11.0 . . . 2.0 max 5.6 to 6.0 22 min 20 min (140 min)FC-2000-K25 bal 0.3 max . . . 18.0 to 22.0 . . . 2.0 max 5.6 to 6.0 22 min 25 min (170 min)Iron-Bronze-Graphite(Diluted Bronze)FCTG-3604-K22 bal 0.5
39、 max 0.5 to 1.0B34.0 to 38.0 3.5 to 4.5 2.0 max 6.0 to 6.4 17 min 22 to 50 (150 to 340)Iron-GraphiteFG-0303-K10 bal 0.5 max 2.0 to 3.0 . . . . . . 2.0 max 5.6 to 6.0 18 min 10 to 25 (70 to 170)FG-0308-K16 bal 0.5 to 1.0 1.5 to 2.5 . . . . . . 2.0 max 5.6 to 6.0 18 min 16 to 45 (110 to 310)AMetallurg
40、ically combined carbon expressed as a percentage of the iron in the material composition.BThis specification is listed as 0.5 to 1.3 % total carbon in MPIF Standard 35 (Bearings).FIG. 1 Standard Sleeve BearingFIG. 2 Standard Flange BearingFIG. 3 Standard Thrust BearingB43907311.3 If metallographic e
41、xamination is performed to deter-mine degree of sintering, it should be done at 200 to 4003magnification. The iron materials should show a predominantlyferritic or pearlitic phase with uniformly dispersed graphiticcarbon (if present). High copper content Iron-Copper materialsshould show evidence of
42、melted copper as a copper richskeletal network around a ferrous interior structure. DilutedBronze material should show a bronze phase with no visiblefree tin, dispersed throughout an iron matrix. The structureshould not show an excessive number of original particleboundaries.11.4 To verify the prese
43、nce of oil in the bearing, theas-received bearing may be heated to approximately 300 F(150 C) for approximately 5 min. If oil is present, the surfaceswill show beads of oil being exuded from the open porosity.11.5 When bearings are ordered as being “dry-to-the-touch”to allow automated handling by th
44、e purchaser, the excesssurface oil is normally removed by a centrifugal tumblingoperation. It is important that the Oil Content test (13.3.2)beperformed after the surface drying treatment to make certainthat the required volume of lubricating oil is present.12. Sampling12.1 LotUnless otherwise speci
45、fied, a lot shall be definedas “a specific quantity of bearings manufactured under trace-able, controlled conditions as agreed to between the producerand user” (see Terminology B 243).12.2 Sampling PlanThe number of sample bearingsagreed to between the manufacturer and the purchaser to beused for di
46、mensional inspection (13.1), chemical analysis(13.2), physical tests (13.3), and mechanical tests (13.4) shallbe taken randomly from locations throughout the lot.13. Test Methods13.1 Dimensional Measurements:13.1.1 Using suitable measuring equipment, the inside di-ameter of the bearings shall be mea
47、sured to the nearest 0.0001in. (0.0025 mm). The other bearing dimensions only requireinstrumentation capable of measuring to the tolerances speci-fied on the bearing drawing.13.2 Chemical Analysis:13.2.1 Oil ExtractionBearings and test samples must bedry and free of oil before performing chemical te
48、sts. Thepreferred method of oil removal is by use of the SoxhletApparatus specified in Test Method B 328. However, uponagreement between purchaser and supplier, a low-temperaturefurnace treatment 1000 to 1200 F (540 to 650 C) with aflowing nitrogen or other inert gas atmosphere may be used tovolatil
49、ize any oil or lubricant that may be present.13.2.2 Test SampleAn oil-free test sample of chips shallthen be obtained by milling, drilling, filing, or crushing thebearings using clean dry tools without lubrication.13.2.3 Metallic ElementsThe chemical analysis for speci-fied metallic elements shall then be performed in accordancewith the test methods prescribed in Volume 03.05 of the AnnualBook of ASTM Standards or by another approved methodagreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.13.2.4 Carbon AnalysisCarbon analysis is a set
