1、Designation: B439 12B439 18Standard Specification forIron-Base Powder Metallurgy (PM) Bearings (Oil-Impregnated)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B439; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the r
3、equirements for porous iron-base metallic sleeve, flange, thrust, and spherical bearings thatare produced from metal powders utilizing powder metallurgy (PM) technology and then impregnated with oil to supply operatinglubrication.1.2 Listed are the chemical, physical, and mechanical specifications f
4、or those standardized ferrous PM materials that have beendeveloped specifically for the manufacture of self-lubricating bearings.1.3 This standard is a companion to Specification B438 that covers the requirements for porous oil-imptegnatedoil-impregnatedbronze-base bearings.1.4 Typical applications
5、for self-lubricating iron-base PM bearings are discussed in Appendix X1.1.5 Commercial bearing dimensional tolerance data are shown in Appendix Appendix X2, while engineering informationregarding installation and operating parameters of PM bearings is included in Appendix Appendix X3. Additional use
6、fulinformation on self-lubricating bearings can be found in MPIF Standard 35 (Bearings), ISO 5755 and the technical literature.21.6 UnitsWith the exception of density values for the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for whichthe use of the g/cm3 unit is the long-standing pra
7、ctice of the PM industry, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only andare not to be regarded as standard1.7 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to
8、 the test methods described in this specification. This standard does notpurport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determin
9、e the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issu
10、edby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3B243 Terminology of Powder MetallurgyB438 Specification for Bronze-Base Powder Metallurgy (PM) Bearings (Oil-Impregnated)B939 Test Method for Radial Crushing Strength, K, of Powde
11、r Metallurgy (PM) Bearings and Structural MaterialsB962 Test Methods for Density of Compacted or Sintered Powder Metallurgy (PM) Products Using Archimedes PrincipleB963 Test Methods for Oil Content, Oil-Impregnation Efficiency, and Surface-Connected Porosity of Sintered PowderMetallurgy (PM) Product
12、s Using Archimedes Principle1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeB09.04 on Bearings.Current edition approved April 1, 2012April 1, 2018. Published September 2012May 2018. Replac
13、es portions of B612 and B782. Originally approved in 1966 to replaceportions of B202. Last previous edition approved in 20082012 as B439 08.B439 12. DOI: 10.1520/B0439-12.10.1520/B0439-18.2 Machine Design Magazine, Vol 54, No. 14, June 17, 1982, pp. 130142.3 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the
14、ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an
15、indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to
16、be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1B966 Test Method for Permeability of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Bearings Using Nitrogen G
17、as (Withdrawn 2015)4B970 Test Method for Cleanliness of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Bearings and Structural Parts (Withdrawn 2016)4E9 Test Methods of Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room TemperatureE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifica
18、tionsE1019 Test Methods for Determination of Carbon, Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Oxygen in Steel, Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys byVarious Combustion and Fusion Techniques2.2 MPIF Standard:4MPIF Standard 35 Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating Bearings2.3 ISO Standards:5ISO 2795 Plain bearings fro
19、m sintered metalDimensions and tolerancesISO 5755 Sintered Metal Materials Specifications,3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions of the terms used in this specification are found in Terminology B243. Additional descriptiveinformation is available in the Related Materials section of Volume 02.0
20、5 of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards.4. Classification4.1 The following list of standardized iron-base oil-impregnated PM bearing material compositions classified by compositionare included in this specification. Their complete chemical, physical and mechanical requirements can be found in the spe
21、cificationtables. Typical applications are discussed in Annex A1.4.2 The three-part alphanumeric PM Material Designation Code, developed by the PM industry, is used to identify thesematerials. A complete explanation of this classification system is presented in Annex A1Annex A14.2.1 Iron and Iron-Ca
22、rbon Bearing Materials, (Prefix F)4.2.1.1 Iron MaterialsF-0000-K15F-0000-K234.2.1.2 Iron-Carbon MaterialsIron-Carbon MaterialsF-0005-K20F-0005-K28F- 0008-K20F-0008-K20F -0008-K32F-0008-K324.2.2 Iron-Copper Bearing Materials (Prefix FC)4.2.2.1 Low-Copper MaterialsFC-0200-K20FC-0200-K344.2.2.2 Medium-
23、Copper MaterialsFC-1000-K20FC-1000-K30FC-1000-K404.2.2.3 High-Copper MaterialsFC-2000-K25FC-2000-K30FC-2000-K404.2.3 Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearing Materials (Prefix FC)4.2.3.1 Low-Copper- Carbon Low-Copper-Carbon Materials.FC-0205-K20FC-0205-K35FC-0208-K25FC-0208-K404.2.3.2 Medium-Copper-Carbon Materia
24、ls.FC-0508-K35FC-0508-K464.2.3.3 High-Copper-Carbon Materials.FC-2008-K44FC-2008-K464 Available from Metal Powder Industries Federations, 105 College Road East, Princeton, NJ 08540, http:/www.infompif.org.5 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New Y
25、ork, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.B439 1824.2.4 Iron-Graphite Bearing Materials (Prefix FG)FG-0303-K10FG-0303-K12FG-0308-K16FG-0308-K224.2.5 Iron-Bronze-Graphite (Diluted Bronze) Bearing Materials (Prefix FCTG)FCTG-3604-K16FCTG-3604-K224.2.6 Diffusion Alloyed Iron-Bronze Bearing Materials (Prefix FD
26、CT)FDCT-1802- K22FDCT-1802-K22FDCT-1802- K31FDCT-1802-K31FDCT-1802- K39FDCT-1802-K395. Ordering Information5.1 Purchase orders or contracts for iron-base oil-impregnated PM bearings covered by this purchasing specification shallinclude the following information:5.1.1 A copy of the bearing print show
27、ing dimensions and tolerances (Section 10),5.1.2 Reference to this ASTM specification, including date of issue,5.1.3 Identification of bearing material by the PM Material Designation Code (Section 4),5.1.4 Request for certification and test report documents, if required (Section 16),5.1.5 Type and g
28、rade of special lubricating oil, if required (6.2.3), and5.1.6 Instructions for special packaging, if required (Section 17).6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Porous Metallic Bearing:6.1.1 Porous iron-base bearings shall be processed from a mixture of elemental, prealloyed or diffusion-alloyed metal po
29、wderswith or without the additions of copper, tin, bronze or graphite powder that together meet the specified chemical composition ofthe material.6.1.2 The powder mixture shall be compacted to produce a green bearing of the required dimensions, shape and density6.1.3 The green bearings shall then be
30、 sintered in a furnace having a protective atmosphere for a time and temperature cyclethat will produce the required sintered ferrous-base PM material.6.1.4 After sintering, the iron-base bearings are normally sized to achieve the density, dimensional characteristics, concentricity,and surface finis
31、h required of the finished metallic bearing.6.2 Oil for Operating Lubrication:6.2.1 The interconnected or open surface-connected porosity in the bearings shall be filled to the required volume withlubricating oil, either by an extended soaking in the hot oil or preferably by a vacuum impregnation op
32、eration.6.2.2 A medium viscosity petroleum oil is the lubricant used for most bearing applications, but extreme operating conditionssuch as elevated temperatures, intermittent rotation, extremely low speeds, or heavy loads may require a synthetic lubricant or anoil with a different viscosity.6.2.3 U
33、nless otherwise specified by the purchaser, a high-grade turbine oil with antifoaming additives and containing corrosionand oxidation inhibitors, having a kinematic viscosity of 280 to 500 SSU (60 10-6 to 110 10-6 m2/s), (60 to 110 cSt) at 100 F(38 C) is normally used as the general purpose lubricat
34、ing oil.7. Chemical Composition7.1 Chemical Composition SpecificationsEach iron-base PM bearing material shall conform to the chemical compositionrequirements prescribed in Table 1 when determined on a clean test sample obtained from oil-free bearings.7.2 Limits on Nonspecified ElementsBy agreement
35、between the purchaser and the supplier,producer, limits may be establishedand chemical analyses required for elements or compounds not specified in Table 1.8. Physical Properties8.1 Oil ContentFor each bearing material, the oil content of the as-received bearing shall not be less than the minimumper
36、centage listed in Table 2.8.2 Impregnation EffciencyA minimum of 90 % of the interconnectedsurface-connected porosity in the as-received bearingsshall be impregnated with lubricating oil.8.3 Impregnated DensityThe density of the sample bearings, when fully impregnated with lubricating oil, shall mee
37、t therequirements specified in Table 2 for each bearing material.B439 1839. Mechanical Properties9.1 Radial Crushing StrengthThe radial crushing strength of the oil-impregnated bearing material determined on a plainsleeve bearing or a test specimen prepared from a flange or spherical bearing shall m
38、eet the minimum and maximum (if required)strength values listed in Table 2.10. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations10.1 This specification is applicable to iron-base PM sleeve and flange bearings having a 3 to 1 maximum length to insidediameter ratio and a 20 to 1 maximum length to wall thic
39、kness ratio.10.2 Standard sleeve, flange, thrust, and spherical PM bearings covered by this specification are illustrated by Figs. 1-4. MostPM bearings are small and weigh less than one-quarter pound (100 g) but they can be produced in sizes that will accommodateshafts up to approximately 8 in. (200
40、 mm) in diameter.10.3 Permissible variations in dimensions shall be within the limits specified on the bearing drawing accompanying the orderor shall be within the limits specified in the purchase order or contract.10.4 Recommended commercial tolerances for iron-base PM bearings are referenced throu
41、ghout the tables in Appendix X2.10.5 Chamfers of 30 to 45 45 are generally used on PM bearings to break the corners.TABLE 1 Compositional Specifications for Iron-Base PM Bearing MaterialsMaterial DesignationCode Chemical Composition RequirementsIronmass %TotalCarbonmass %CombinedCarbonA mass %Graphi
42、ticCarbonB mass %Coppermass %Tinmass %All Othersmass %Iron and Iron-CarbonF-0000-K15 bal. 0 to 0.3 0 to 1.5 0 to 2.0F-0000-K23 bal. 0 to 0.3 0 to 1.5 0 to 2.0F-0005-K20 bal. 0.3 to 0.6 0 to 1.5 0 to 2.0F-0005-K28 bal. 0.3 to 0.6 0 to 1.5 0 to 2.0F-0008-K20 bal. 0.6 to 0.9 0 to 1.5 0 to 2.0F-0008-K32
43、 bal. 0.6 to 0.9 0 to 1.5 0 to 2.0Iron-CopperFC-0200-K20 bal. 0 to 0.3 1.5 to 3.9 0 to 2.0FC-0200-K34 bal. 0 to 0.3 1.5 to 3.9 0 to 2.0FC-0200-K34 bal. 0 to 0.3 1.5 to 3.9 0 to 2.0FC-1000-K20 bal. 0 to 0.3 9.0 to 11.0 0 to 2.0FC-1000-K30 bal. 0 to 0.3 9.0 to 11.0 0 to 2.0FC-1000-K40 bal. 0 to 0.3 9.
44、0 to 11.0 0 to 2.0FC-2000-K25 bal. 0 to 0.3 18.0 to 22.0 0 to 2.0FC-2000-K30 bal. 0 to 0.3 18.0 to 22.0 0 to 2.0FC-2000-K40 bal. 0 to 0.3 18.0 to 22.0 0 to 2.0Iron-Copper-CarbonFC-0205-K20 bal. 0.3 to 0.6 1.5 to 3.9 0 to 2.0FC-0205-K35 bal. 0.3 to 0.6 1.5 to 3.9 0 to 2.0FC-0208-K25 bal. 0.6 to 0.9 1
45、.5 to 3.9 0 to 2.0FC-0208-K40 bal. 0.6 to 0.9 1.5 to 3.9 0 to 2.0FC-0508-K35 bal. 0.6 to 0.9 4.0 to 6.0 0 to 2.0FC-0508-K46 bal. 0.6 to 0.9 4.0 to 6.0 0 to 2.0FC-2008-K44 bal. 0.6 to 0.9 18.0 to 22.0 0 to 2.0FC-2008-K46 bal. 0.6 to 0.9 18.0 to 22.0 0 to 2.0Iron-GraphiteFG-0303-K10 bal. 0 to 0.5 2.0
46、to 3.0 0 to 2.0FG-0303-K12 bal. 0 to 0.5 2.0 to 3.0 0 to 2.0FG-0308-K16 bal. 0.5 to 1.0 1.5 to 2.5 0 to 2.0FG-0308-K22 bal. 0.5 to 1.0 1.5 to 2.5 0 to 2.0Iron-Bronze (Diluted Bronze)FCTG-3604-K16 bal. 0.5 to 1.3 0.5 max C 34.0 to 38.0 3.5 to 4.5 0 to 2.0FCTG-3604-K22 bal. 0.5 to 1.3 0.5 max C 34.0 t
47、o 38.0 3.5 to 4.5 0 to 2.0Diffusion Alloyed Iron-BronzeFDCT-1802-K22 bal. 0 to 0.1 D 17.0 to 19.0 1.5 to 2.5 0 to 1.0FDCT-1802-K31 bal. 0 to 0.1 D 17.0 to 19.0 1.5 to 2.5 0 to 1.0FDCT-1802-K39 bal. 0 to 0.1 D 17.0 to 19.0 1.5 to 2.5 0 to 1.0AThe combined carbon value listed is based on the mass perc
48、ent of the iron content, not the mass percent of the alloyalloy.BGraphitic Carbon is also known as Free Graphite.CThese compositions usually contain 0.5 to 1.3%1.3 % graphite.DThese compositions have no added graphiteB439 18411. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance11.1 The bearings should have a matt
49、e surface, and not show oxidation. The surfaces of sized bearings should have a smoothbright finish.11.2 When cut or fractured, the exposed surface shall exhibit a uniform appearance.TABLE 2 Physical and Mechanical Property Specifications for Iron-Base PM Bearing MaterialsMaterial DesignationCode Physical Requirements Mechanical RequirementsAOil Contentvol %ImpregnatedDensityg/cm3Radical Crushing Strength,(K)103 psi MPamin max min maxIron and Iron-CarbonF-0000-K15 21 5.6 to 6.0 12 100F-0000-K23 17 6.0 to 6.4 23 160F-0005-K20 21 5.6 to 6.0 20 140
