1、Designation: B 689 97 (Reapproved 2003)Standard Specification forElectroplated Engineering Nickel Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 689; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the requirement
3、s for electro-plated nickel coatings applied to metal products for engineer-ing applications, for example, for use as a buildup for misma-chined or worn parts, for electronic applications, including asunderplates in contacts or interconnections, and in certainjoining applications.1.2 Electroplating
4、of nickel for engineering applications(Note 1) requires technical considerations significantly differ-ent from decorative applications because the following func-tional properties are important:1.2.1 Hardness, strength, and ductility,1.2.2 Wear resistance,1.2.3 Load bearing characteristics,1.2.4 Cor
5、rosion resistance,1.2.5 Heat scaling resistance,1.2.6 Fretting resistance, and1.2.7 Fatigue resistance.NOTE 1Functional electroplated nickel coatings usually contain about99 % nickel, and are most frequently electrodeposited from a Watts nickelbath or a nickel sulfamate bath. Typical mechanical prop
6、erties of nickelelectroplated from these baths, and the combined effect of bath operationand solution composition variables on the mechanical properties of theelectrodeposit are given in Guide B 832. When electroplated nickel isrequired to have higher hardnesses, greater wear resistance, certainresi
7、dual stress values and certain leveling characteristics, sulfur and othersubstances are incorporated in the nickel deposit through the use of certainaddition agents in the electroplating solution. For the effect of suchadditives, see Section 4 and Annex A3. Cobalt salts are sometimes addedto the pla
8、ting solution to produce harder nickel alloy deposits.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility
9、of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:B 183 Practice for Preparation of Low-Carbon Steel forElectroplating2B 242 Practice for Preparation of High-Carbon Steel forElectroplating2B 252 Guide for Preparation of Zinc Alloy Die Castings forElectroplating and Con
10、version Coatings2B 253 Guide for Preparation of Aluminum Alloys for Elec-troplating2B 254 Practice for Preparation of and Electroplating onStainless Steel2B 281 Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-BaseAlloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings2B 320 Practice for Preparation of Iron
11、Castings for Electro-plating2B 322 Practice for Cleaning Metals Prior to Electroplating2B 343 Practice for Preparation of Nickel for Electroplatingwith Nickel2B 374 Terminology Relating to Electroplating2B 480 Guide for Preparation of Magnesium and MagnesiumAlloys for Electroplating2B 487 Test Metho
12、d for Measurement of Metal and OxideCoating Thickness by Microscopical Examination of aCross Section2B 499 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thick-nesses by the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings onMagnetic Basis Metals2B 507 Practice for Design of Articles to Be Electroplated onRacks2B 530
13、Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thick-nesses by the Magnetic Method: Electrodeposited NickelCoatings on Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Substrates2B 558 Practice for Preparation of Nickel Alloys for Electro-plating2B 568 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thicknessby X-Ray Spectrometry2B 571 Pra
14、ctice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of MetallicCoatings2B 602 Test Method for Attribute Sampling of Metallic andInorganic Coatings2B 697 Guide for Selection of Sampling Plans for Inspection1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 onMetallic and Inorganic Coatings and is
15、 the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeB08.08.01 on Engineering Coatings.Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2003. Published May 2003. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as B 689 97.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Har
16、bor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.of Electrodeposited Metallic and Inorganic Coatings2B 762 Test Method of Variables Sampling of Metallic andInorganic Coatings2B 765 Guide for Selection of Porosity Tests for Electrode-posits and Related Metallic Coatings2B 809 T
17、est Method for Porosity in Metallic Coatings byHumid Sulfur Vapor (“Flowers of Sulfur”)2B 832 Guide for Electroforming with Nickel and Copper2B 849 Specification for Pre-Treatments of Iron or Steel forReducing Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement2B 850 Guide for Post-Coating Treatments Steel for theReduci
18、ng Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement2B 851 Specification for Automated Controlled Shot Peeningof Metallic Articles Prior to Nickel, Autocatalytic Nickel,or Chromium Plating, or as Final Finish2D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water3D 3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging4F 519 Test Method for Mechanic
19、al Hydrogen Embrittle-ment Evaluation of Plating Processes and Service Environ-ments52.2 Military Standards:MIL-R-81841 Rotary Flap Peening of Metal Parts6MIL-S-13165 Shot Peening of Metal Parts6MIL-W-81840 Rotary Flap Peening Wheels63. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 significant surfacesthose surf
20、aces normally visible(directly or by reflection) that are essential to the appearance orserviceability of the article when assembled in normal position;or that can be the source of corrosion products that defacevisible surfaces on the assembled article. When necessary, thesignificant surfaces shall
21、be indicated on the drawing for thearticle, or by the provision of suitably marked samples.NOTE 2The thickness of the electrodeposit in holes, corners, recesses,and other areas where thickness cannot be controlled under normalelectroplating conditions shall be specified by the buyer (see Note 5).NOT
22、E 3When a deposit of controlled thickness is required in holes,corners, recesses, and similar areas, special racking, auxiliary anodes orshielding will be necessary.3.2 Terminology B 374 contains most of the terms used inthis specification.4. Classification4.1 Electroplated nickel shall be provided
23、in any one of thefollowing three types (Note 4):4.1.1 Type 1Nickel electroplated from solutions not con-taining hardeners, brighteners, or stress control additives.4.1.2 Type 2Nickel electrodeposits used at moderate tem-peratures and containing sulfur or other codeposited elementsor compounds thaT a
24、re present to increase the hardness, torefine the grain structure, or to control the internal stress of theelectrodeposited nickel.4.1.3 Type 3Electrodeposited nickel containing dispersedsubmicron particles, such as silicon carbide, tungsten carbide,and aluminum oxide that are present to increase ha
25、rdness andwear resistance at temperatures above 325C (618F).NOTE 4Good adhesion of electroplated nickel to stainless steels andhigh alloy steels usually requires a preliminary strike of electrodepositednickel. The recommended practices for the preparation of and electroplat-ing on stainless steels a
26、nd nickel alloys are given in Practices B 254 andB 558, respectively.4.2 Thickness ClassificationThe electroplated nickelthickness, in view of the wide variety for industrial uses, shallbe specified according to the following classes (Note 5):Class Minimum Nickel Thickness, m5525 2550 50100 100200 2
27、00X thickness as specifiedNOTE 5There is no technical limit to the nickel thickness that can beelectroplated. There are practical limits to nickel thickness and uniformityof thickness distribution caused by the size and geometric configuration ofthe parts. (See 3.1.)5. Ordering Information5.1 The bu
28、yer shall supply the following information to theseller in either the purchase order or engineering drawings,marked samples, or other governing documents.5.1.1 Title, ASTM designation number, and year of thestandard.5.1.2 Classification type and thickness classification of elec-troplated nickel to b
29、e applied (see 4.1 and 4.2).5.1.3 Significant surfaces (see 3.1).5.1.4 Sampling plan (see Section 8).5.1.5 Number of test specimens for destructive testing (see7.1). Identify the substrate material by alloy identification, suchas by ASTM, AISI, or SAE numbers, or by equivalentcomposition information
30、.5.1.6 The thickness, adhesion, porosity, and hydrogen em-brittlement tests required. See 6.3-6.7.5.1.7 The required grinding or polishing operations of thebasis metal as are necessary to yield deposit with the desiredproperties.5.1.8 Where required, the basis metal finish shall be speci-fied in ter
31、ms of centerline average (CLA), or arithmeticalaverage (AA).5.1.9 Appearance: whether superficial staining from finalrinsing or discoloration after baking is acceptable.5.1.10 Where required, post-treatment grinding or machin-ing shall be specified for parts which are to be electroplated andsubseque
32、ntly ground or machined to size.5.1.11 Where required dimensional tolerances allowed forthe specified electroplated nickel thickness or class shall bespecified.5.1.12 Where required, microhardness ranges shall be speci-fied for the nickel deposit.5.1.13 The buyer of the parts to be electroplated sha
33、llprovide the electroplater with the following information asrequired:5.1.13.1 Ultimate tensile strength of the parts.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03.6Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bl
34、dg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.B 689 97 (2003)25.1.13.2 Rockwell C hardness of the parts.5.1.13.3 Heat treatment for stress relief, whether it has beenperformed or is required (see 6.2).5.1.13.4 Heat treatment for hydrogen embrittlement relief(see 6.3 and
35、Test Method F 519).5.1.13.5 Tensile loads required for the embrittlement relieftest, if applicable.5.1.13.6 Procedures and requirements for peening to induceresidual compressive stress in specified surfaces (see Note 6and 6.4).NOTE 6Electroplating on hardened (high alloy and high carbon)steels can r
36、educe the fatigue strength of the metal parts. This must beconsidered if the parts will be subjected to repeated applications ofcomplex load patterns in service. Shot peening of significant surfacesbefore electroplating can reduce the loss of fatigue strength.7Rotary flappeening, a manual method, ca
37、n also be used in the repair of componentsin the field where conventional shot peening equipment is not available. Ifrotary flap peening is used, extreme care should be taken to ensure that theentire surface to be treated has been peened. Also, reduction in the fatiguelife of nickel-electroplated st
38、eels can be reduced by considering therelations among the variables that influence fatigue life of nickel-electroplated, hardened steels.85.1.13.7 What, if any, mechanical treatment was applied bythe manufacturer to the significant surface; that is, particulateblasting, grinding, polishing, or peeni
39、ng.5.1.14 The manufacturer of the parts to be electroplatedshall provide the electroplating facility with test specimens (seeSection 7) to be electroplated for conformance tests as re-quested for preparation, control, inspection, and lot acceptance.6. Coating Requirements6.1 Appearance:6.1.1 The coa
40、ting on the significant surfaces of the productshall be smooth and free of visual defects such as blisters, pits,roughness, cracks, flaking, burned deposits, and uncoatedareas. Visual defects are defined as those visible, unmagnified,to the unaided eye, 20/20 vision, or vision corrected to 20/20.The
41、 boundaries of electroplating that cover only a portion ofthe surface shall, after finishing as indicated in the drawing, befree of beads, nodules, jagged edges, and other detrimentalirregularities. Imperfections and variations in appearance in thecoating that arise from surface conditions of the ba
42、sis metal(scratches, pores, roll marks, inclusions, etc.) and that persist inthe finish despite the observance of good metal finishingpractices shall not be cause for rejection (Note 7).6.1.2 For parts that are electroplated and subsequentlyground to size, the grinding shall be done with a sulfur-fr
43、eeliquid coolant, never dry, and with a sufficiently light cut toprevent cracking.NOTE 7Applied finishes generally perform better in service when thesubstrate over which they are applied is smooth and free of torn metal,inclusions, pores, and other defects. It is recommended that the specifi-cations
44、 covering the unfinished product provide limits for these defects. Ametal finisher can often remove defects through special treatments, suchas grinding, polishing, abrasive blasting, chemical treatments, and elec-tropolishing. However, these are not normal in the treatment stepspreceding the applica
45、tion of the finish. When they are desired they mustbe stated in the purchase order (see 5.1.7).6.2 Pretreatment of Iron and Steel for Reducing the Risk ofHydrogen EmbrittlementParts for critical applications thatare made of steels with ultimate tensile strengths of 1000 MPa,hardness of 31 HRC or gre
46、ater, that have been machined,ground, cold formed, or cold straightened subsequent to heattreatment, shall require stress relief heat treatment whenspecified by the purchaser, the tensile strength to be suppliedby the purchaser. Specification B 849 may be consulted for alist of pretreatments that ar
47、e used widely.6.3 Post-Coating Treatments of Iron and Steel for Reducingthe Risk of Hydrogen EmbrittlementParts for critical appli-cations that are made of steels with ultimate tensile strengths of1000 MPa, hardness of 31 HRC or greater, as well as surfacehardened parts, shall require post coating h
48、ydrogen embrittle-ment relief baking when specified by the purchaser, the tensilestrength to be supplied by the purchaser. Specification B 850may be consulted for a list of post treatments that are usedwidely.6.4 Peening of Metal PartsIf peening is required beforeelectroplating to induce residual co
49、mpressive stress to increasefatigue strength and resistance to stress corrosion cracking ofthe metal parts, refer to Specification B 851 and to MIL-S-13165, MIL-R-81841, and MIL-W-81840.6.5 ThicknessThe thickness of the coating everywhere onthe significant surface shall conform to the requirements of thespecified class as defined in 3.2 (see Note 8 and 7.2).NOTE 8The coating thickness requirements of this specification areminimum requirements; that is, the coating thickness is required to equalor exceed the specified thickness everywhere on any significant surface(s
