1、Designation: B 689 97 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Specification forElectroplated Engineering Nickel Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 689; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the requirements
3、 for electro-plated nickel coatings applied to metal products for engineer-ing applications, for example, for use as a buildup for misma-chined or worn parts, for electronic applications, including asunderplates in contacts or interconnections, and in certainjoining applications.1.2 Electroplating o
4、f nickel for engineering applications(Note 1) requires technical considerations significantly differ-ent from decorative applications because the following func-tional properties are important:1.2.1 Hardness, strength, and ductility,1.2.2 Wear resistance,1.2.3 Load bearing characteristics,1.2.4 Corr
5、osion resistance,1.2.5 Heat scaling resistance,1.2.6 Fretting resistance, and1.2.7 Fatigue resistance.NOTE 1Functional electroplated nickel coatings usually contain about99 % nickel, and are most frequently electrodeposited from a Watts nickelbath or a nickel sulfamate bath. Typical mechanical prope
6、rties of nickelelectroplated from these baths, and the combined effect of bath operationand solution composition variables on the mechanical properties of theelectrodeposit are given in Guide B 832. When electroplated nickel isrequired to have higher hardnesses, greater wear resistance, certainresid
7、ual stress values and certain leveling characteristics, sulfur and othersubstances are incorporated in the nickel deposit through the use of certainaddition agents in the electroplating solution. For the effect of suchadditives, see Section 4 and Annex A3. Cobalt salts are sometimes addedto the plat
8、ing solution to produce harder nickel alloy deposits.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility o
9、f regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B 183 Practice for Preparation of Low-Carbon Steel forElectroplatingB 242 Guide for Preparation of High-Carbon Steel forElectroplatingB 252 Guide for Preparation of Zinc Alloy Die Castings forElectroplating and Conversi
10、on CoatingsB 253 Guide for Preparation of Aluminum Alloys for Elec-troplatingB 254 Practice for Preparation of and Electroplating onStainless SteelB 281 Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-BaseAlloys for Electroplating and Conversion CoatingsB 320 Practice for Preparation of Iron Castings
11、for Electro-platingB 322 Guide for Cleaning Metals Prior to ElectroplatingB 343 Practice for Preparation of Nickel for Electroplatingwith NickelB 374 Terminology Relating to ElectroplatingB 480 Guide for Preparation of Magnesium and MagnesiumAlloys for ElectroplatingB 487 Test Method for Measurement
12、 of Metal and OxideCoating Thickness by Microscopical Examination of CrossSectionB 499 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thick-nesses by the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings onMagnetic Basis MetalsB 507 Practice for Design ofArticles to Be Electroplated onRacksB 530 Test Method for Measure
13、ment of Coating Thick-nesses by the Magnetic Method: Electrodeposited NickelCoatings on Magnetic and Nonmagnetic SubstratesB 558 Practice for Preparation of Nickel Alloys for Electro-plating1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 onMetallic and Inorganic Coatings and is t
14、he direct responsibility of SubcommitteeB08.08.01 on Engineering Coatings.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as B 689 97 (2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcon
15、tact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.B 568 Test Method for
16、 Measurement of Coating Thicknessby X-Ray SpectrometryB 571 Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of MetallicCoatingsB 602 Test Method for Attribute Sampling of Metallic andInorganic CoatingsB 697 Guide for Selection of Sampling Plans for Inspectionof Electrodeposited Metallic and Inorganic Coat
17、ingsD 762 Method of Test for Hot Extraction of AsphalticMaterials and Recovery of Bitumen by the ModifiedAbson Procedure3B 765 Guide for Selection of Porosity and Gross DefectTests for Electrodeposits and Related Metallic CoatingsB 809 Test Method for Porosity in Metallic Coatings byHumid Sulfur Vap
18、or (“Flowers-of-Sulfur”)B 832 Guide for Electroforming with Nickel and CopperB 849 Specification for Pre-Treatments of Iron or Steel forReducing Risk of Hydrogen EmbrittlementB 850 Guide for Post-Coating Treatments of Steel for Re-ducing the Risk of Hydrogen EmbrittlementB 851 Specification forAutom
19、ated Controlled Shot Peeningof Metallic Articles Prior to Nickel, Autocatalytic Nickel,or Chromium Plating, or as Final FinishD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingF 519 Test Method for Mechanical Hydrogen Embrittle-ment Evaluation of Plating/Coating Processes
20、 and ServiceEnvironments2.2 Military Standards:MIL-R-81841 Rotary Flap Peening of Metal Parts4MIL-S-13165 Shot Peening of Metal Parts4MIL-W-81840 Rotary Flap Peening Wheels43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 significant surfacesthose surfaces normally visible(directly or by reflection) that are ess
21、ential to the appearance orserviceability of the article when assembled in normal position;or that can be the source of corrosion products that defacevisible surfaces on the assembled article. When necessary, thesignificant surfaces shall be indicated on the drawing for thearticle, or by the provisi
22、on of suitably marked samples.NOTE 2The thickness of the electrodeposit in holes, corners, recesses,and other areas where thickness cannot be controlled under normalelectroplating conditions shall be specified by the buyer (see Note 5).NOTE 3When a deposit of controlled thickness is required in hole
23、s,corners, recesses, and similar areas, special racking, auxiliary anodes orshielding will be necessary.3.2 Terminology B 374 contains most of the terms used inthis specification.4. Classification4.1 Electroplated nickel shall be provided in any one of thefollowing three types (Note 4):4.1.1 Type 1N
24、ickel electroplated from solutions not con-taining hardeners, brighteners, or stress control additives.4.1.2 Type 2Nickel electrodeposits used at moderate tem-peratures and containing sulfur or other codeposited elementsor compounds thaT are present to increase the hardness, torefine the grain struc
25、ture, or to control the internal stress of theelectrodeposited nickel.4.1.3 Type 3Electrodeposited nickel containing dispersedsubmicron particles, such as silicon carbide, tungsten carbide,and aluminum oxide that are present to increase hardness andwear resistance at temperatures above 325C (618F).N
26、OTE 4Good adhesion of electroplated nickel to stainless steels andhigh alloy steels usually requires a preliminary strike of electrodepositednickel. The recommended practices for the preparation of and electroplat-ing on stainless steels and nickel alloys are given in Practices B 254 andB 558, respe
27、ctively.4.2 Thickness ClassificationThe electroplated nickelthickness, in view of the wide variety for industrial uses, shallbe specified according to the following classes (Note 5):Class Minimum Nickel Thickness, m5525 2550 50100 100200 200X thickness as specifiedNOTE 5There is no technical limit t
28、o the nickel thickness that can beelectroplated. There are practical limits to nickel thickness and uniformityof thickness distribution caused by the size and geometric configuration ofthe parts. (See 3.1.)5. Ordering Information5.1 The buyer shall supply the following information to theseller in ei
29、ther the purchase order or engineering drawings,marked samples, or other governing documents.5.1.1 Title, ASTM designation number, and year of thestandard.5.1.2 Classification type and thickness classification of elec-troplated nickel to be applied (see 4.1 and 4.2).5.1.3 Significant surfaces (see 3
30、.1).5.1.4 Sampling plan (see Section 8).5.1.5 Number of test specimens for destructive testing (see7.1). Identify the substrate material by alloy identification, suchas by ASTM, AISI, or SAE numbers, or by equivalentcomposition information.5.1.6 The thickness, adhesion, porosity, and hydrogen em-bri
31、ttlement tests required. See 6.3-6.7.5.1.7 The required grinding or polishing operations of thebasis metal as are necessary to yield deposit with the desiredproperties.5.1.8 Where required, the basis metal finish shall be speci-fied in terms of centerline average (CLA), or arithmeticalaverage (AA).5
32、.1.9 Appearance: whether superficial staining from finalrinsing or discoloration after baking is acceptable.5.1.10 Where required, post-treatment grinding or machin-ing shall be specified for parts which are to be electroplated andsubsequently ground or machined to size.3Withdrawn.4Available from St
33、andardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.B 689 97 (2008)25.1.11 Where required dimensional tolerances allowed forthe specified electroplated nickel thickness or class shall bespecified.5.1.12 Where required, microhardness ranges
34、 shall be speci-fied for the nickel deposit.5.1.13 The buyer of the parts to be electroplated shallprovide the electroplater with the following information asrequired:5.1.13.1 Ultimate tensile strength of the parts.5.1.13.2 Rockwell C hardness of the parts.5.1.13.3 Heat treatment for stress relief,
35、whether it has beenperformed or is required (see 6.2).5.1.13.4 Heat treatment for hydrogen embrittlement relief(see 6.3 and Test Method F 519).5.1.13.5 Tensile loads required for the embrittlement relieftest, if applicable.5.1.13.6 Procedures and requirements for peening to induceresidual compressiv
36、e stress in specified surfaces (see Note 6and 6.4).NOTE 6Electroplating on hardened (high alloy and high carbon)steels can reduce the fatigue strength of the metal parts. This must beconsidered if the parts will be subjected to repeated applications ofcomplex load patterns in service. Shot peening o
37、f significant surfacesbefore electroplating can reduce the loss of fatigue strength.5Rotary flappeening, a manual method, can also be used in the repair of componentsin the field where conventional shot peening equipment is not available. Ifrotary flap peening is used, extreme care should be taken t
38、o ensure that theentire surface to be treated has been peened. Also, reduction in the fatiguelife of nickel-electroplated steels can be reduced by considering therelations among the variables that influence fatigue life of nickel-electroplated, hardened steels.65.1.13.7 What, if any, mechanical trea
39、tment was applied bythe manufacturer to the significant surface; that is, particulateblasting, grinding, polishing, or peening.5.1.14 The manufacturer of the parts to be electroplatedshall provide the electroplating facility with test specimens (seeSection 7) to be electroplated for conformance test
40、s as re-quested for preparation, control, inspection, and lot acceptance.6. Coating Requirements6.1 Appearance:6.1.1 The coating on the significant surfaces of the productshall be smooth and free of visual defects such as blisters, pits,roughness, cracks, flaking, burned deposits, and uncoatedareas.
41、 Visual defects are defined as those visible, unmagnified,to the unaided eye, 20/20 vision, or vision corrected to 20/20.The boundaries of electroplating that cover only a portion ofthe surface shall, after finishing as indicated in the drawing, befree of beads, nodules, jagged edges, and other detr
42、imentalirregularities. Imperfections and variations in appearance in thecoating that arise from surface conditions of the basis metal(scratches, pores, roll marks, inclusions, etc.) and that persist inthe finish despite the observance of good metal finishingpractices shall not be cause for rejection
43、 (Note 7).6.1.2 For parts that are electroplated and subsequentlyground to size, the grinding shall be done with a sulfur-freeliquid coolant, never dry, and with a sufficiently light cut toprevent cracking.NOTE 7Applied finishes generally perform better in service when thesubstrate over which they a
44、re applied is smooth and free of torn metal,inclusions, pores, and other defects. It is recommended that the specifi-cations covering the unfinished product provide limits for these defects. Ametal finisher can often remove defects through special treatments, suchas grinding, polishing, abrasive bla
45、sting, chemical treatments, and elec-tropolishing. However, these are not normal in the treatment stepspreceding the application of the finish. When they are desired they mustbe stated in the purchase order (see 5.1.7).6.2 Pretreatment of Iron and Steel for Reducing the Risk ofHydrogen Embrittlement
46、Parts for critical applications thatare made of steels with ultimate tensile strengths of 1000 MPa,hardness of 31 HRC or greater, that have been machined,ground, cold formed, or cold straightened subsequent to heattreatment, shall require stress relief heat treatment whenspecified by the purchaser,
47、the tensile strength to be suppliedby the purchaser. Specification B 849 may be consulted for alist of pretreatments that are used widely.6.3 Post-Coating Treatments of Iron and Steel for Reducingthe Risk of Hydrogen EmbrittlementParts for critical appli-cations that are made of steels with ultimate
48、 tensile strengths of1000 MPa, hardness of 31 HRC or greater, as well as surfacehardened parts, shall require post coating hydrogen embrittle-ment relief baking when specified by the purchaser, the tensilestrength to be supplied by the purchaser. Specification B 850may be consulted for a list of pos
49、t treatments that are usedwidely.6.4 Peening of Metal PartsIf peening is required beforeelectroplating to induce residual compressive stress to increasefatigue strength and resistance to stress corrosion cracking ofthe metal parts, refer to Specification B 851 and to MIL-S-13165, MIL-R-81841, and MIL-W-81840.6.5 ThicknessThe thickness of the coating everywhere onthe significant surface shall conform to the requirements of thespecified class as defined in 3.2 (see Note 8 and 7.2).NOTE 8The coating thickness requirements of this specification areminimum requirement
