1、Designation: B689 97 (Reapproved 2018)1Standard Specification forElectroplated Engineering Nickel Coatings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B689; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEReference links in subsection 6.5 updated editorially in August 2018.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S
3、. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electro-plated nickel coatings applied to metal products for engineer-ing applications, for example, for use as a buildup for misma-chined or worn parts, for electronic applications, including asunderplates in contact
4、s or interconnections, and in certainjoining applications.1.2 Electroplating of nickel for engineering applications(Note 1) requires technical considerations significantly differ-ent from decorative applications because the following func-tional properties are important:1.2.1 Hardness, strength, and
5、 ductility,1.2.2 Wear resistance,1.2.3 Load bearing characteristics,1.2.4 Corrosion resistance,1.2.5 Heat scaling resistance,1.2.6 Fretting resistance, and1.2.7 Fatigue resistance.NOTE 1Functional electroplated nickel coatings usually contain about99 % nickel, and are most frequently electrodeposite
6、d from a Watts nickelbath or a nickel sulfamate bath. Typical mechanical properties of nickelelectroplated from these baths, and the combined effect of bath operationand solution composition variables on the mechanical properties of theelectrodeposit are given in Guide B832. When electroplated nicke
7、l isrequired to have higher hardnesses, greater wear resistance, certainresidual stress values and certain leveling characteristics, sulfur and othersubstances are incorporated in the nickel deposit through the use of certainaddition agents in the electroplating solution. For the effect of suchaddit
8、ives, see Section 4 and Annex A3. Cobalt salts are sometimes addedto the plating solution to produce harder nickel alloy deposits.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establis
9、h appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for
10、 theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B183 Practice for Preparation of Low-Carbon Steel forElectroplatingB242 Guide for Preparation of High-C
11、arbon Steel for Elec-troplatingB252 Guide for Preparation of Zinc Alloy Die Castings forElectroplating and Conversion CoatingsB253 Guide for Preparation of Aluminum Alloys for Elec-troplatingB254 Practice for Preparation of and Electroplating onStainless SteelB281 Practice for Preparation of Copper
12、and Copper-BaseAlloys for Electroplating and Conversion CoatingsB320 Practice for Preparation of Iron Castings for Electro-platingB322 Guide for Cleaning Metals Prior to ElectroplatingB343 Practice for Preparation of Nickel for Electroplatingwith NickelB374 Terminology Relating to ElectroplatingB480
13、 Guide for Preparation of Magnesium and MagnesiumAlloys for ElectroplatingB487 Test Method for Measurement of Metal and OxideCoating Thickness by Microscopical Examination ofCross SectionB499 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thicknessesby the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings onMagnetic Ba
14、sis MetalsB507 Practice for Design of Articles to Be Electroplated onRacks1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 onMetallic and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeB08.03 on Engineering Coatings.Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Publis
15、hed June 2018. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as B689 97(2013). DOI:10.1520/B0689-97R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, r
16、efer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization establ
17、ished in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1B530 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thicknessesby the Magnetic Method: Electrodeposited Nickel Coa
18、t-ings on Magnetic and Nonmagnetic SubstratesB558 Practice for Preparation of Nickel Alloys for Electro-platingB568 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thicknessby X-Ray SpectrometryB571 Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of MetallicCoatingsB602 Test Method for Attribute Sampling of Metall
19、ic andInorganic CoatingsB697 Guide for Selection of Sampling Plans for Inspectionof Electrodeposited Metallic and Inorganic CoatingsB765 Guide for Selection of Porosity and Gross Defect Testsfor Electrodeposits and Related Metallic CoatingsB809 Test Method for Porosity in Metallic Coatings byHumid S
20、ulfur Vapor (“Flowers-of-Sulfur”)B832 Guide for Electroforming with Nickel and CopperB849 Specification for Pre-Treatments of Iron or Steel forReducing Risk of Hydrogen EmbrittlementB850 Guide for Post-Coating Treatments of Steel for Reduc-ing the Risk of Hydrogen EmbrittlementB851 Specification for
21、 Automated Controlled Shot Peeningof Metallic Articles Prior to Nickel, Autocatalytic Nickel,or Chromium Plating, or as Final FinishD762 Method of Test for Hot Extraction of Asphaltic Mate-rials and Recovery of Bitumen by the Modified AbsonProcedure (Withdrawn 1965)3D1193 Specification for Reagent W
22、aterD3951 Practice for Commercial PackagingF519 Test Method for Mechanical Hydrogen EmbrittlementEvaluation of Plating/Coating Processes and Service En-vironments2.2 Military Standards:MIL-R-81841 Rotary Flap Peening of Metal Parts4MIL-S-13165 Shot Peening of Metal Parts4MIL-W-81840 Rotary Flap Peen
23、ing Wheels43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 significant surfacesthose surfaces normally visible(directly or by reflection) that are essential to the appearance orserviceability of the article when assembled in normal position;or that can be the source of corrosion products that defacevisible surf
24、aces on the assembled article. When necessary, thesignificant surfaces shall be indicated on the drawing for thearticle, or by the provision of suitably marked samples.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe thickness of the electrodeposit inholes, corners, recesses, and other areas where thicknesscannot be controlle
25、d under normal electroplating conditionsshall be specified by the buyer (see Note 3).3.1.1.2 DiscussionWhen a deposit of controlled thicknessis required in holes, corners, recesses, and similar areas, specialracking, auxiliary anodes or shielding will be necessary.3.2 Terminology B374 contains most
26、of the terms used inthis specification.4. Classification4.1 Electroplated nickel shall be provided in any one of thefollowing three types (Note 2):4.1.1 Type 1Nickel electroplated from solutions not con-taining hardeners, brighteners, or stress control additives.4.1.2 Type 2Nickel electrodeposits us
27、ed at moderate tem-peratures and containing sulfur or other codeposited elementsor compounds that are present to increase the hardness, torefine the grain structure, or to control the internal stress of theelectrodeposited nickel.4.1.3 Type 3Electrodeposited nickel containing dispersedsubmicron part
28、icles, such as silicon carbide, tungsten carbide,and aluminum oxide that are present to increase hardness andwear resistance at temperatures above 325C (618F).NOTE 2Good adhesion of electroplated nickel to stainless steels andhigh alloy steels usually requires a preliminary strike of electrodeposite
29、dnickel. The recommended practices for the preparation of and electroplat-ing on stainless steels and nickel alloys are given in Practices B254 andB558, respectively.4.2 Thickness ClassificationThe electroplated nickelthickness, in view of the wide variety for industrial uses, shallbe specified acco
30、rding to the following classes (Note 3):Class Minimum Nickel Thickness, m5525 2550 50100 100200 200X thickness as specifiedNOTE 3There is no technical limit to the nickel thickness that can beelectroplated. There are practical limits to nickel thickness and uniformityof thickness distribution caused
31、 by the size and geometric configuration ofthe parts. (See 3.1.)5. Ordering Information5.1 The buyer shall supply the following information to theseller in either the purchase order or engineering drawings,marked samples, or other governing documents.5.1.1 Title, ASTM designation number, and year of
32、 thestandard.5.1.2 Classification type and thickness classification of elec-troplated nickel to be applied (see 4.1 and 4.2).5.1.3 Significant surfaces (see 3.1).5.1.4 Sampling plan (see Section 8).5.1.5 Number of test specimens for destructive testing (see7.1). Identify the substrate material by al
33、loy identification, suchas by ASTM, AISI, or SAE numbers, or by equivalentcomposition information.5.1.6 The thickness, adhesion, porosity, and hydrogen em-brittlement tests required. See 6.3 6.7.5.1.7 The required grinding or polishing operations of thebasis metal as are necessary to yield deposit w
34、ith the desiredproperties.5.1.8 Where required, the basis metal finish shall be speci-fied in terms of centerline average (CLA), or arithmeticalaverage (AA).3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg.
35、 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.B689 97 (2018)125.1.9 Appearance: whether superficial staining from finalrinsing or discoloration after baking is acceptable.5.1.10 Where required, post-treatment grinding or machin-ing shall be specified for parts which are to
36、be electroplated andsubsequently ground or machined to size.5.1.11 Where required dimensional tolerances allowed forthe specified electroplated nickel thickness or class shall bespecified.5.1.12 Where required, microhardness ranges shall be speci-fied for the nickel deposit.5.1.13 The buyer of the p
37、arts to be electroplated shallprovide the electroplater with the following information asrequired:5.1.13.1 Ultimate tensile strength of the parts.5.1.13.2 Rockwell C hardness of the parts.5.1.13.3 Heat treatment for stress relief, whether it has beenperformed or is required (see 6.2).5.1.13.4 Heat t
38、reatment for hydrogen embrittlement relief(see 6.3 and Test Method F519).5.1.13.5 Tensile loads required for the embrittlement relieftest, if applicable.5.1.13.6 Procedures and requirements for peening to induceresidual compressive stress in specified surfaces (see Note 4and 6.4).NOTE 4Electroplatin
39、g on hardened (high alloy and high carbon) steelscan reduce the fatigue strength of the metal parts. This must be consideredif the parts will be subjected to repeated applications of complex loadpatterns in service. Shot peening of significant surfaces before electro-plating can reduce the loss of f
40、atigue strength.5Rotary flap peening, amanual method, can also be used in the repair of components in the fieldwhere conventional shot peening equipment is not available. If rotary flappeening is used, extreme care should be taken to ensure that the entiresurface to be treated has been peened.Also,
41、reduction in the fatigue life ofnickel-electroplated steels can be reduced by considering the relationsamong the variables that influence fatigue life of nickel-electroplated,hardened steels.65.1.13.7 What, if any, mechanical treatment was applied bythe manufacturer to the significant surface; that
42、is, particulateblasting, grinding, polishing, or peening.5.1.14 The manufacturer of the parts to be electroplatedshall provide the electroplating facility with test specimens (seeSection 7) to be electroplated for conformance tests as re-quested for preparation, control, inspection, and lot acceptan
43、ce.6. Coating Requirements6.1 Appearance:6.1.1 The coating on the significant surfaces of the productshall be smooth and free of visual defects such as blisters, pits,roughness, cracks, flaking, burned deposits, and uncoatedareas. Visual defects are defined as those visible, unmagnified,to the unaid
44、ed eye, 20/20 vision, or vision corrected to 20/20.The boundaries of electroplating that cover only a portion ofthe surface shall, after finishing as indicated in the drawing, befree of beads, nodules, jagged edges, and other detrimentalirregularities. Imperfections and variations in appearance in t
45、hecoating that arise from surface conditions of the basis metal(scratches, pores, roll marks, inclusions, etc.) and that persist inthe finish despite the observance of good metal finishingpractices shall not be cause for rejection (Note 5).6.1.2 For parts that are electroplated and subsequentlygroun
46、d to size, the grinding shall be done with a sulfur-freeliquid coolant, never dry, and with a sufficiently light cut toprevent cracking.NOTE 5Applied finishes generally perform better in service when thesubstrate over which they are applied is smooth and free of torn metal,inclusions, pores, and oth
47、er defects. It is recommended that the specifi-cations covering the unfinished product provide limits for these defects. Ametal finisher can often remove defects through special treatments, suchas grinding, polishing, abrasive blasting, chemical treatments, and elec-tropolishing. However, these are
48、not normal in the treatment stepspreceding the application of the finish. When they are desired they mustbe stated in the purchase order (see 5.1.7).6.2 Pretreatment of Iron and Steel for Reducing the Risk ofHydrogen EmbrittlementParts for critical applications thatare made of steels with ultimate t
49、ensile strengths of 1000 MPa,hardness of 31 HRC or greater, that have been machined,ground, cold formed, or cold straightened subsequent to heattreatment, shall require stress relief heat treatment whenspecified by the purchaser, the tensile strength to be suppliedby the purchaser. Specification B849 may be consulted for alist of pretreatments that are used widely.6.3 Post-Coating Treatments of Iron and Steel for Reducingthe Risk of Hydrogen EmbrittlementParts for critical appli-cations that are made of steels with ultimate tensile strengths of1000 MPa, hardne
