1、Designation: B 933 09Standard Test Method forMicroindentation Hardness of Powder Metallurgy (PM)Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 933; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the micro-indentation hardness of powder metallurgy (PM) materials.The test me
3、thod differs from the approach used for pore-freematerials in terms of the precautions required to deal with theporosity.1.2 A method for converting the directly measured indenta-tion lengths to other hardness scales, for example, HRC isdescribed in Appendix X1.1.3 This standard does not purport to
4、address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B 243 Term
5、inology of Powder MetallurgyE 384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Ma-terialsE 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of powder metallurgy (PM) terms can befound in Terminology B 243. Additional descrip
6、tive informa-tion is available in the Related Materials section of Vol 02.05of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Microindentation hardness testing uses a calibratedmachine to force a pyramidal-pointed diamond indenter intothe surface of the test material under a known te
7、st load. Themicroindentation hardness value is calculated from the indent-ing force divided by the projected area of the resultingindentation.NOTE 1This test method is designed specifically for use on porousPM materials. It is intended to be a companion to Test Method E 384.There are specific differ
8、ences that are intentional; otherwise, the details onequipment and procedures in Test Method E 384 shall be adhered to. Thespecific differences relate to the presence of porosity in the PM materials.Special precautions are required during sample preparation to reveal poresand heterogeneous microstru
9、ctural features so that appropriate test loca-tions may be selected.5. Significance and Use5.1 Microindentation hardness testing provides a measure ofthe hardness of the microstructural constituents of a porousmaterial. It indicates the hardness the material would have ifthere were no pores present
10、and the material was tested usingmacroindentation hardness methods.5.2 Microindentation hardness tests allow the evaluation ofspecific phases, microstructural constituents, and regions orgradients too small for macroindentation hardness testing.6. Apparatus6.1 Microindentation Hardness Testing Machi
11、ne, capable ofapplying the required load, equipped with a Knoop or Vickersindenter, and provision for measuring the length of the diago-nals of the indentation.6.2 Apparatus requirements are summarized in method TestMethod E 384.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Metallographic Etchants, suitable for the
12、material beingtested.8. Test Specimen8.1 Specimen Mounting:8.1.1 Sample mounting is recommended for convenience insurface preparation, edge retention, and ease of testing. Thesample should be supported adequately in the mountingmedium.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09
13、 on MetalPowders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee B09.05 on Structural Parts.Current edition approved April 1, 2009. Published April 2009. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as B 93304.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit th
14、e ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100
15、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.8.2 Specimen Preparation:8.2.1 Guidelines for grinding and polishing specimens areprovided in Appendix X2.8.2.2 Care should be taken to ensure that the true areafraction of porosity is revealed throughout the entire cros
16、ssection of the specimen. It is essential in surface preparation toremove all smeared metal and to identify pores clearly so thatthey may be avoided during testing.8.2.3 The specimen should be lightly etched prior to micro-indentation hardness testing. Careful etching is necessary asheavy etching ob
17、scures features and interferes with the mea-surement of the diagonals of the indentation.8.2.4 For heat treated steels, swabbing with or immersion in2 % nital for 4 to 7 s gives an appropriate structure.9. Procedure9.1 Support the specimen so that its surface is perpendicularto the axis of the inden
18、ter.9.2 Select a suitable location for testing and an appropriateload and magnification for the test. A 100 gf load is recom-mended for hardened materials. Lower loads may be used forsofter materials or when small regions need to be tested. Forthe best precision, use the highest load compatible with
19、 thefeature to be tested. Magnification ranges for various indenta-tion lengths are as follows:Indentation Length (m)MagnificationMax Min125 600 2009.3 Apply the test load.9.4 Examine the indentation for possible sources of errorsuch as distorted or unusually large indentations. The twosections of e
20、ach diagonal should agree within 20 % of eachother. Discard any distorted or unusually large indentations.Unusually large indentations sometimes occur due to thepresence of pores directly under the indentation.9.5 Measure the length of the diagonals of the indentation,taking care to avoid backlash b
21、y moving only in one direction.For Knoop microindentation hardness, read the length of thelarger diagonal to 0.1 m. For Vickers microindentationhardness, measure both diagonals to the nearest 0.1 m andcalculate the average.9.6 Make additional indentations. Space the indentations, sothat adjacent tes
22、ts do not interfere with each other. Theminimum spacing between tests is illustrated in Fig. 1.9.7 Discard any value if by including this value the hardnessrange of the other points is more than doubled. In all cases ofa discarded value, make a replacement.10. Calculation or Interpretation of Result
23、s10.1 The Knoop or Vickers microindentation hardness num-bers may be calculated using the following formulae or byusing tables in Test Method E 384.10.1.1 KnoopUsing the units of force and length com-monly employed, that is, for force P in gf, and a long diagonald in micrometres, the Knoop hardness
24、is calculated:HK 5 14229 P/d210.1.2 VickersUsing the units of force and length com-monly employed, that is, for force P in gf, and the mean of thetwo diagonals d in micrometres, the Vickers hardness iscalculated:HV 5 1854.4 P/d210.1.3 For indentation diagonals measured in millimetres,tables of HK an
25、d HV values are tabulated in Test MethodE 384.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 The identification of the sample and the location atwhich the microindentation hardness was measured,11.1.2 The type of indenter, Knoop or Vickers,FIG. 1 Minimum Spacing Between IndentationsB93309211
26、.1.3 The magnification used,11.1.4 The identity, or description of the phase or micro-structural constituent measured,11.1.5 The type of etchant used, the duration, and method ofetching, and11.1.6 The average of at least five acceptable measurementsshall be reported as the microindentation hardness
27、of thematerial, microstructural constituent, or other feature mea-sured.11.1.7 Knoop (HK) or Vickers (HV) microindentation hard-ness shall be reported along with the test load used, forexample, 400 HK 100 gf or 400 HV 100 gf. This is thepreferred method. However, an alternative method expressingthe
28、load in kilograms force may be used in accordance withISO, for example, 400 HK 0.1 or 400 HV 0.1. Report HK andHV values to the nearest whole number.12. Precision and Bias12.1 The repeatability r and reproducibility R of measure-ments were determined in accordance with Practice E 691.Members of the
29、Powder Metallurgy Parts Association of theMetal Powder Industries Federation conducted the interlabo-ratory test program. The test sample was prepared from heattreated FL-4605. One Knoop and one Vickers microindentationhardness indent was made in the surface of the test sample, andthese indentations
30、 were measured by 12 participating labora-tories.12.2 The mean Knoop microindentation hardness value was701 HK 100 gf with a repeatability of 22 and a reproducibilityof 76. Duplicate microindentation hardness results from onelaboratory should not be considered suspect at the 95 %confidence level unl
31、ess they differ by more than 22. For thesame test specimen, Knoop microindentation hardness resultsfrom two different laboratories should not be consideredsuspect at the 95 % confidence level unless they differ by morethan 76.12.3 The mean Vickers microindentation hardness valuewas 716 HV 100 gf wit
32、h a repeatability of 43 and a reproduc-ibility of 178. Duplicate microindentation hardness resultsfrom one laboratory should not be considered suspect at the95 % confidence level unless they differ by more than 43. Forthe same test specimen, Vickers microindentation hardnessresults from two differen
33、t laboratories should not be consideredsuspect at the 95 % confidence level unless they differ by morethan 178.13. Keywords13.1 Knoop microindentation hardness; microindentationhardness; PM; powder metallurgy; Vickers microindentationhardnessAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. CONVERSION TO OTHE
34、R HARDNESS SCALESX1.1 It is sometimes desired to express microindentationhardness values in terms of equivalents to other hardnessscales, for example, HRC. There is no direct conversion frommicroindentation hardness to HRC.Approximate values can beobtained through the procedure described in this app
35、endix.X1.1.1 The following procedure describes a method forconversion to HRC.X1.1.2 Obtain four or five standard HRC test blocks thatspan the range from the low 20s HRC to the 60s HRC.X1.1.3 Remove a small portion from each standard testblock, being careful to avoid any procedure that might affectth
36、e hardness of the test block material, and make a metallo-graphic mount with the standardized face of the test block atthe surface of the mount.X1.1.4 Polish the specimens using standard procedures (seeAppendix X2).X1.1.5 Using either a Knoop or a Vickers indenter and a100 gf test load (other loads
37、might be used for a conversion tohardness scales such as HRB or HRF), make five indentationsat various points in each of the standard specimens.X1.1.6 Measure the length of the diagonals of the indenta-tions.X1.1.7 Prepare a graph with the filar units, micrometres, orKnoop/Vickers microindentation h
38、ardness number on they-axis (ordinate) and HRC on the x-axis (abscissa). Plot allmeasured diagonals and, using regression analysis (regressionof y on x), construct a best-fit curve to the data points.X1.1.8 In future tests, take any diagonal reading and use thegraph to convert to HRC.NOTE X1.1The gr
39、aph that is constructed applies to the specificinstrument used for the microindentation hardness test, the test load used,and the person performing the test. A separate graph needs to be plottedfor each operator, each test instrument, and for each load used formicroindentation hardness testing.X1.1.
40、9 Precision of the Graphical Conversion:X1.1.9.1 Seven laboratories participated in an interlabora-tory study. Each laboratory developed a regression line fortheir own instrument. The regression line was plotted based onthe results (six-reading averages) of measurements on fiveHRC standard test bloc
41、ks with hardness ranging from 25.4HRC to 63.2 HRC. The seven laboratories found the hardnessof a circulated unknown sample to average 56.5 HRC.X1.1.9.2 With this test method, 95 % of any future readingswould be expected to repeat in a laboratory within 4.0 HRCpoints at this level; for six-reading av
42、erages within 1.6 HRCpoints. For a laboratory to duplicate any of the other laborato-ries, 95 % of the readings should be within 5.3 HRC; forsix-reading averages within 2.2 HRC.B933093X2. SAMPLE PREPARATIONX2.1 The methods described in this appendix are provenpractices for metallographic preparation
43、 of porous PM materi-als for microindentation hardness testing. It is recognized thatother procedures or materials used in preparation of a samplemay be equally as good and can be used on the basis ofavailability and preference of individual laboratories.X2.2 Method 1:X2.2.1 The porous samples shoul
44、d be free of oil or coolant.Remove any oil using Soxhlet extraction. Mount and vacuumimpregnate samples with epoxy resin, to fill porosity and toprevent the pickup of etchants. Use a sample cup or holder toform the mount. Pour epoxy resin over the sample in the cup toa total depth of about 0.75 in.
45、(19 mm). Evacuate the cup tominus 26 in. of mercury (88 kPa) and hold at that pressure for10 min. Then restore ambient air pressure to force the resin intomost of the sample. Cure at room temperature or at 122F(50C).X2.2.2 Grind on 240, 400, and 600 grit wet SiC paper, on arotating wheel, and change
46、 the polishing direction 90 aftereach paper. Etch samples for 1 min in their normal etchant, forexample, 2 % nital, to begin to open the porosity. Roughpolishing for 8 to 12 min total on 1 m alumina (Al2O3), longnapped cloth (for example, Struers felt cloth), at 250 rpm, and300 gf load, using an aut
47、omated polisher opens smeared pores.This rough polishing opens and exaggerates the pores. Toreturn the pores to their true area fraction, polish for 4 min at125 rpm on a shorter nap cloth (for example, Struers MOLcloth), with 1 m diamond paste. Final polishing is done for 20to 30 s using 0.05 m deag
48、glomerated alumina, and a longnapped cloth (for example, Buehler Microcloth), at 125 rpm,and 75 gf load, on an automated polisher. Polishing may alsobe done by hand for the times indicated. The first twopolishings require moderate pressure and the final polishrequires light pressure.X2.2.3 The metal
49、lographic structure should be free ofsmeared porosity. Generally at 800 to 10003, the edge of asmeared over pore will appear as a thin gray line outlining oneside of the pore, and occasionally outlining most of the pore.X2.2.4 The specimen should be etched prior to microinden-tation hardness testing. Careful etching is necessary becauseheavy etching obscures features and may interfere with themeasurement of the diagonals. For heat-treated steels, swab-bing with or immersion in 2 % nital for 4 to 7 s gives anappropriate structure. Martensite will be very light and theda
