1、Designation: B999 15Standard Specification forTitanium and Titanium Alloys Plating, ElectrodepositedCoatings of Titanium and Titanium Alloys on Conductiveand Non-Conductive Substrate1This standard is issued under the fixed designation B999; the number immediately following the designation indicates
2、the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the requirements for e
3、lectrode-posited coatings of titanium and titanium-zirconium alloys onconductive and non-conductive substrates for engineering(functional) uses. The coatings of titanium-zirconium alloysare those that range in zirconium between 10wt% and 14wt%zirconium and are known as “terne” metallic electrodeposi
4、ts.1.2 This specification applies for both conductive (metallic)substrates and non-conductive (plastics, fibers, carbon foam,etc.)1.3 Electrodeposits of titanium and titanium-zirconium al-loys on aluminum and conductive substrate and nonconductivesubstrate are produced where it is desired to obtain
5、atmosphericcorrosion resistance. Deposits of titanium and titanium-zirconium alloys particularly on aluminum have shown to haveexcellent corrosion protective qualities in atmosphericexposure, especially when under-coated by electroless nickel.Titanium and titanium-zirconium alloy deposits provide co
6、rro-sion protection from dilute sulfuric acid, are used for lining ofbrine refrigeration tanks, chemical equipment apparatus, stor-age batteries, and as a wear coating for bearing surfaces.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in
7、thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2.
8、 Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) ApparatusB183 Practice for Preparation of Low-Carbon Steel forElectroplatingB242 Guide for Preparation of High-Carbon Steel for Elec-troplatingB253 Guide for Preparation of Aluminum Alloys for Elec-troplatingB320 P
9、ractice for Preparation of Iron Castings for Electro-platingB322 Guide for Cleaning Metals Prior to ElectroplatingB374 Terminology Relating to ElectroplatingB487 Test Method for Measurement of Metal and OxideCoating Thickness by Microscopical Examination ofCross SectionB499 Test Method for Measureme
10、nt of Coating Thicknessesby the Magnetic Method: Nonmagnetic Coatings onMagnetic Basis MetalsB504 Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Metal-lic Coatings by the Coulometric MethodB507 Practice for Design of Articles to Be Electroplated onRacksB567 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thickn
11、essby the Beta Backscatter MethodB568 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thicknessby X-Ray SpectrometryB571 Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of MetallicCoatingsB602 Test Method for Attribute Sampling of Metallic andInorganic Coatings1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Com
12、mittee B08 on Metallicand Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.03 onEngineering Coatings.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2015. Published December 2015. DOI:10.1520/B0999-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custo
13、mer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1B697 Guide for Selection of Sampling
14、Plans for Inspectionof Electrodeposited Metallic and Inorganic CoatingsB727 Practice for Preparation of Plastics Materials for Elec-troplatingB733 Specification for Autocatalytic (Electroless) Nickel-Phosphorus Coatings on MetalB849 Specification for Pre-Treatments of Iron or Steel forReducing Risk
15、of Hydrogen EmbrittlementB850 Guide for Post-Coating Treatments of Steel for Reduc-ing the Risk of Hydrogen EmbrittlementB851 Specification for Automated Controlled Shot Peeningof Metallic Articles Prior to Nickel, Autocatalytic Nickel,or Chromium Plating, or as Final FinishD2982 Test Methods for De
16、tecting Glycol-Base Antifreezein Used Lubricating OilsD3359 Test Methods for Measuring Adhesion by Tape TestD5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination ofUsed and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base Oils byInductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-etry (ICP-AES)E127 Practice for Fabricat
17、ion and Control of AluminumAlloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference BlocksF519 Test Method for Mechanical Hydrogen EmbrittlementEvaluation of Plating/Coating Processes and Service En-vironments3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions of the terms used in this speci-fication are in accordance with Termino
18、logy B374.4. Classification4.1 The coating classification system provides for a schemeto select a titanium or titanium alloy coating to meet specificperformance requirements based on alloy composition andthickness.4.1.1 “Type” describes the general composition of thedeposit with respect to zirconium
19、 alloying content and isdivided into two categories which establish deposit properties(see Table 1).4.2 Service Condition Based on Thickness:4.2.1 Service condition numbers are based on the severity ofthe exposure in which the coating is intended to perform andminimum coating thickness to provide sa
20、tisfactory perfor-mance (see Table 2).4.2.2 SC0 Minimum Service, 1 mThis is defined by aminimum coating thickness to provide specific material prop-erties and extend the life of a part or its function. Applicationsinclude requirements for diffusion barrier, undercoat, electricalconductivity, and wea
21、r and corrosion protection in specializedenvironment.4.2.3 SC1 Light Service, 2.5 mThis is defined by aminimum coating thickness of 2.5 m for extending the life ofthe parts. Typical environments include light-load lubricatedwear and indoor corrosion protection to prevent rusting.4.2.4 SC2 Mild/Moder
22、ate Service 3.75 mThis is definedby mild corrosion and wear environment and moderate envi-ronment such a non-marine outdoor exposure, alkali salts atelevated temperature, and moderate wear.4.2.5 SC3 Severe Service 5.0 mThis is defined by a veryaggressive environment. Typical environments would inclu
23、deacid solution, elevated temperature and pressure hydrogensulfide and carbon dioxide oil service, high temperature chlo-ride systems, very severe wear, and marine immersion.5. Ordering Information5.1 The following information shall be supplied by thepurchaser in either the purchase order or on the
24、engineeringdrawing, or the part to be plated.5.1.1 Title, ASTM designation number, and year of issue ofthis specification.5.1.2 Classification of the deposit by type and servicecondition.5.1.3 Maximum dimension and tolerance requirements, ifany.5.1.4 Peening, if required.5.1.5 The tensile strength o
25、f ferrous base materials in MPa.5.1.6 Stress relief heat treat requirements before plating, ifany.5.1.7 Hydrogen embrittlement relief baking requirementsafter plating, if any.5.1.8 Significant surfaces for plating as well as drawingindications of surfaces not to be plated.5.1.9 Requirements for samp
26、ling.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 SubstrateDefects in the surface of the basis metal suchas scratches, porosity, pits, inclusions, roll and die marks, laps,cracks, burrs, cold shuts, and roughness may adversely affectthe appearance and performance of the deposit, despite theobservance of the best
27、 plating practice. Any such defects onsignificant surfaces shall be brought to the attention of thepurchaser before plating. The producer shall not be responsiblefor coating defects resulting from surface conditions of themetal, if these conditions have been brought to the attention ofthe purchaser.
28、6.2 PretreatmentA suitable method shall activate the basematerial surface and remove oxide and foreign materials,which may cause poor adhesion. See Practices B183, B242,B253, B320, B322, and B727.TABLE 1 Deposit Compositions by TypeType Zirconium % wtType I 0 %Type II 10 to 14%TABLE 2 Service Condit
29、ions and Coating ThicknessRequirementsServiceConditionsMinimum Coating ThicknessSpecificationCoatingThickness, mcmSC0 Minimum Thickness 1.0 0.000102SC1 Light Service 2.50 0.000254SC2 Mild/Moderate Service 3.75 0.000381SC3 Severe Service 5.0 0.000508B999 1526.3 Stress Relief:6.3.1 Pretreatment of Iro
30、n and Steel for Reducing the Risk ofHydrogen EmbrittlementParts that are made of steel withultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1000 MPa or greater, thathave been machined, ground, cold formed, or cold straightenedsubsequent to heat treatment require stress relief heat treatmentwhen specified by the p
31、urchaser. The tensile strength of thematerial shall be supplied by the purchaser. Specification B849contains a list of pre-treatments, precautions, and caveats thatshall be used.6.3.2 PeeningPeening prior to plating may be required onhigh-strength steel parts to induce residual compressivestresses i
32、n the surface, which can reduce loss of fatiguestrength and improve stress corrosion resistance after plating.Peening may be performed in accordance with SpecificationB851.6.3.2.1 Steel parts which are designed for unlimited lifeunder dynamic loads shall be shot peened.6.3.2.2 Unless otherwise speci
33、fied, the shot peening shall beaccomplished on all surfaces for which the coating is requiredand all immediately adjacent surfaces when they containnotches, fillets, or other abrupt changes of section size wherestresses will be concentrated.6.4 RackingParts should be positioned so as to minimizetrap
34、ping of hydrogen gas in cavities and holes, allowing thefree circulation of solution over all surfaces to obtain uniformcoating thickness. Anodes are to be placed in ways that do notresult in direct shorts (arcing) or burning on the parts. Contactpoints used to supply power to the parts may not get
35、fullycovered in the plating process and shall be agreed uponbetween the producer and the purchaser. Further details onpreferred racking methods can be found in Practice B507.6.5 Plating Process:6.5.1 To obtain consistent coating properties, the bath mustbe monitored periodically for temperature, pH,
36、 and metalconstituent concentration.6.5.1.1 Current densities are typically between three andfive amps per square decimeter.6.5.1.2 Anodes shall be made of Platinum, Pure orTitanium/Platinized.6.5.1.3 The plating solution shall be mechanically agitatedto maintain temperature uniformity and filtratio
37、n is highlyrecommended to increase coating smoothness and uniformity.6.5.2 Electroless Nickle (EN) Strike:6.5.2.1 To improve bonding to the substrate, an electrolessnickel strike layer may be employed prior to titanium plating.The EN strike layer may be as thick as 25 m. EN strike layersshall be app
38、lied in accordance with B733.6.5.2.2 EN strike is only needed prior to titanium platingwhen applied on non-conductive substrates.6.6 Hydrogen Embrittlement Relief:6.6.1 Post-Coating Treatments for Iron and Steel for Reduc-ing the Risk of Hydrogen EmbrittlementParts that are madeof steel with UTS of
39、1000 MPa or greater as well as surfacehardened parts, shall require post-coating hydrogen embrittle-ment relief baking when specified by the purchaser. The tensilestrength shall be supplied by the purchaser. Specification B850contains a list of post treatments, procedures, limitations, andguidelines
40、 that are permitted to be used to reduce the effects ofhydrogen embrittlement.6.6.2 Hydrogen embrittlement relief heat treatments shall beperformed within4hofplating unless otherwise specified bythe purchaser. It is most advantageous to begin embrittlementrelief heat treatments as soon as practical.
41、7. Requirements7.1 ProcessTitanium and titanium-zirconium alloy coat-ings shall be produced by electrodeposition in aqueous solutionof salts.7.1.1 Significant SurfacesSignificant surfaces are definedas those normally visible (directly or by reflection) or areessential to the serviceability or functi
42、on of the article; or canbe the source of corrosion products or tarnish films thatinterfere with the function or desirable appearance of thearticle. When necessary, the significant surfaces shall beindicated on the drawings of the parts, or by the provision ofsuitably marked samples.NOTE 1When signi
43、ficant surfaces are involved on which the specifiedthickness of finish cannot be readily controlled, it will be necessary toapply greater thickness on the more accessible surfaces, to use specialracking, or both. The thickness requirements of this specification areminimum. The variation in the finis
44、h thickness from point to point on acoated article is inherent in electroplating. Therefore, the finish thicknesswill have to exceed the specified value at some points on the significantsurfaces to ensure that it equals or exceeds the specified value at all points.In most cases, the average finish t
45、hickness on an article will be greaterthan the specified value; how much greater is largely determined by theshape of the article (see Practice B507) and the characteristics of theplating process. In addition, the average finish thickness on articles willvary from article to article within a product
46、ion lot, therefore, if all of thearticles in a production lot are to meet the thickness requirement, theaverage finish thickness for the production lot as a whole will be greaterthan the average necessary to ensure that a single article meets therequirement.7.2 Acceptance RequirementsThese requireme
47、nts areplaced on each lot or batch and can be evaluated by testing theplated part.7.2.1 Appearance:7.2.1.1 The coating surface shall have a uniform, metallicappearance without visible defects such as blisters, pits,dimples, or cracks, or combinations thereof.7.2.2 Thickness: The thickness of the coa
48、ting shall be equalto or exceed the minimum requirements provided in Table 2.Thickness requirements are based on the Service Conditionagreed upon prior to plating or as flowed down to the processerby purchase order or blue print.7.2.3 Adhesion: The coating shall exhibit no signs ofadhesion failure f
49、rom the basis material when subjected toadhesion testing as specified in 9.2.7.3 Qualification Requirements and Periodic Testing: Theserequirements are placed on the coating and process and areperformed on specimens to qualify initial process startup aswell as continuous monitoring of the process to ensure thedeposits meet the requisite requirements and properties forproper function.7.3.1 Composition: Type II coating shall be tested for alloycomposition by testing for zirconium. The wt. % zirconiumshall be in the range designated in Table 1.B999 1537.3.2 Corros
