1、Designation: C1060 11Standard Practice forThermographic Inspection of Insulation Installations inEnvelope Cavities of Frame Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice is a guide to the proper use of infraredimaging systems for conducting qualitative
3、 thermal inspectionsof building walls, ceilings, roofs, and floors, framed in wood ormetal, that may contain insulation in the spaces betweenframing members. This procedure allows the detection ofcavities where insulation may be inadequate or missing andallows identification of areas with apparently
4、 adequate insula-tion.1.2 This practice offers reliable means for detecting sus-pected missing insulation. It also offers the possibility ofdetecting partial-thickness insulation, improperly installed in-sulation, or insulation damaged in service. Proof of missinginsulation or a malfunctioning envel
5、ope requires independentvalidation. Validation techniques, such as visual inspection orin-situ R-value measurement, are beyond the scope of thispractice.1.3 This practice is limited to frame construction eventhough thermography can be used on all building types.2,31.4 Instrumentation and calibration
6、 required under a varietyof environmental conditions are described. Instrumentationrequirements and measurement procedures are considered forinspections from both inside and outside the structure. Eachvantage point offers visual access to areas hidden from theother side.1.5 The values stated in SI u
7、nits are to be regarded asstandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and he
8、alth practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. In particular,caution should be taken in the handling of any cryogenicliquids or pressurized gases required for use in this practice.Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 1 and Note3.2. Referenced D
9、ocuments2.1 ASTM Standards:4C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationE1213 Test Method for Minimum Resolvable TemperatureDifference for Thermal Imaging Systems3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions pertaining to insulation are de-fined in Terminology C168.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to
10、 This Standard:3.2.1 anomalous thermal imagean observed thermal pat-tern of a structure that is not in accordance with the expectedthermal pattern.3.2.2 envelopethe construction, taken as a whole or inpart, that separates the indoors of a building from the outdoors.3.2.3 field-of-view (FOV)the total
11、 angular dimensions,expressed in degrees or radians, within which objects can beimaged, displayed, and recorded by a stationary imagingdevice.3.2.4 framing spacingdistance between the centerlines ofjoists, studs, or rafters.3.2.5 infrared imaging systeman instrument that convertsthe spatial variatio
12、ns in infrared radiance from a surface into atwo-dimensional image of that surface, in which variations inradiance are displayed as a range of colors or tones.3.2.6 infrared thermographythe process of generatingthermal images that represent temperature and emittance varia-tions over the surfaces of
13、objects.3.2.7 instantaneous field of view (IFOV)the smallestangle, in milliradians, that can be instantaneously resolved bya particular infrared imaging system.3.2.8 masonry veneerframe construction with a non-loadbearing exterior masonry surface.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Comm
14、ittee C16 on ThermalInsulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on ThermalMeasurement.Current edition approved March 1, 2011. Published March 2011. Originallyapproved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C1060 90(2003).DOI: 10.1520/C1060-11.2ISO/TC 163/SC 1/WG N3
15、1E Thermal InsulationQualitative Detection ofThermal Irregularities in Building EnvelopesInfrared Method , available fromAmerican National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY10036.3Guidelines for Specifying and Performing Infrared Inspections, InfraspectionInstitute, Shelbur
16、ne, VT, 1988.4For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor D
17、rive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.9 minimum resolvable temperature difference(MRTD)a measure of the ability of the operators of aninfrared imaging system to discern temperature differenceswith that system. The MRTD is the minimum temperaturedifference between a f
18、our-slot test pattern of defined shape andsize and its blackbody background at which an averageobserver can discriminate the pattern with that infrared imag-ing system at a defined distance.3.2.10 thermal patterna representation of colors or tonesthat indicate surface temperature and emittance varia
19、tion.3.2.11 thermograma recorded image that maps the appar-ent temperature pattern of an object or scene into a correspond-ing contrast or color pattern.3.2.12 zonea volume of building served by a singleventilation system. For buildings with natural ventilation only,the whole building shall be consi
20、dered a zone with all interiordoors open.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice is a guide to the proper use of infraredimaging systems for conducting qualitative thermal inspectionsof building walls, ceilings, roofs, and floors, framed in wood ormetal, that may contain insulation in the spaces bet
21、weenframing members. Imaging system performance is defined interms of instantaneous field of view (IFOV) and minimumresolvable temperature difference (MRTD). Conditions underwhich information is to be collected and compiled in a reportare specified. Adherence to this standard practice requires afina
22、l report of the investigation. This practice defines thecontents of the report.5. Significance and Use5.1 Although infrared imaging systems have the potential todetermine many factors concerning the thermal performance ofa wall, roof, floor, or ceiling, the emphasis in this practice is ondetermining
23、 whether insulation is missing or whether aninsulation installation is malfunctioning. Anomalous thermalimages from other apparent causes may also be recorded assupplemental information, even though their interpretationmay require procedures and techniques not presented in thispractice.6. Instrument
24、ation Requirements6.1 Environmental FactorsThe environment has a signifi-cant impact on the heat flow through the envelope. As a result,the requirements on thermal imaging instrumentation vary withthe interior to exterior air temperature gradient for both interiorand exterior inspections and also va
25、ry with wind speed forexterior inspections.6.2 Infrared Imaging System PerformanceThe ability ofan observer to detect thermal anomalies depends on theimagers powers of thermal and spatial resolution. The practi-cal test for these qualities is whether the operator can distin-guish the framing from th
26、e envelope cavities under theprevailing thermal conditions with the infrared imaging systemat a distance that permits recognition of thermal anomalies. Forplanning an equipment purchase or a site visit, the followingqualities may be considered: The minimum resolvable tem-perature difference (MRTD) d
27、efines temperature resolution.Instantaneous field of view (IFOV) is an indicator of spatialresolution. Appendix X1 explains how to calculate IFOV andhow to measure MRTD.6.2.1 Spectral RangeThe infrared thermal imaging sys-tem shall operate within a spectral range between 2 and 14 m.6.2.2 Field of Vi
28、ew (FOV)The critical minimum dimen-sions for discriminating missing insulation in frame construc-tion is two framing spacings wide and one framing spacinghigh. Outdoors, it is typically convenient to view at least onefloor-to-ceiling height across and one-half that distance high.The FOV of the chose
29、n imaging system should encompassthese minimum dimensions from the chosen indoor viewingdistance, di, and outdoor viewing distance, do. For planningpurposes, the angular value of FOV may be calculated foreither d (m) by the following equations:FOVvertical$2 tan21h/2d! (1)FOVhorizontal$2 tan21w/2d! (
30、2)where:h = vertical distance viewed, m, andw = horizontal distance viewed, m.7. Knowledge Requirement7.1 This practice requires operation of the imaging systemand interpretation of the data obtained. When qualified, thesame person has the option of performing both functions. Theoperator of the infr
31、ared imaging system shall have thoroughknowledge of its use through training, the manufacturersmanuals, or both. The interpreter of the thermographic datashall be knowledgeable about heat transfer through buildingenvelopes and about thermography, including the effects ofstored heat, wind, and surfac
32、e moisture.7.2 The instrument shall be operated in accordance with thepublished instructions of the manufacturer.8. Preferred Conditions8.1 The criterion for satisfactory thermal conditions is theability to distinguish framing members from cavities. Appen-dix X2 gives some guidelines for determining
33、 whether theweather conditions are likely to be suitable.9. Procedure9.1 Preliminary InspectionA preliminary thermographicinspection may be performed to determine whether a thoroughinspection, and report, is warranted.9.2 Background InformationPrepare for the report bycollecting information on the b
34、uilding. In order to evaluate thestructure, collect the following preliminary data where practi-cal and necessary:9.2.1 Note each type of building cross section, using visualinspection, construction drawings, or both, to determine whatthermal patterns to expect.9.2.2 Additions or modifications to th
35、e structure.9.2.3 Thermal problems reported by the building owner/occupant.9.2.4 Note differences in surface materials or conditions thatmay affect emittance, for example, metallic finishes, polishedC1060 112surfaces, stains, or moisture. Such differences in emittancecause thermal patterns that are
36、independent of temperaturedifferences.9.2.5 Orientation of the building with respect to the pointsof the compass.9.2.6 Heat sources, such as light fixtures, mounted in orclose to the exterior construction.9.3 Performing On-Site Equipment Check and Settings:9.3.1 Set the instrument gain or contrast t
37、o allow theobserver to distinguish a framing member from the envelopearea around it. In addition, set the imagers sensitivity so thatany anomalies or areas to which they are referenced are not insaturation (maximum brightness or white) or in suppression(minimum brightness or black) on the display.9.
38、3.2 Verify proper operation of the recording system, ifany.9.3.3 Make a sketch or photograph of each envelope areawith references for locating framing members.9.4 Performing the Inspection:9.4.1 A complete thermographic inspection of a buildingmay consist of an exterior or interior inspection of the
39、 completeenvelope, or both. Both types of inspection are recommendedbecause each offers access to areas that may be difficult for theother.9.4.2 Inspect all surfaces of interest from an angle as closeto normal to the surface as possible, but at least at an angle thatpermits distinguishing framing me
40、mbers. Make inspectionsfrom several angles, perpendicular, if possible, and at twoopposite oblique angles in order to detect the presence ofreflected radiation.9.4.3 Make scans from a position that allows a field of viewthat encompasses at least two framing spacings wide and oneframing spacing high
41、for an interior inspection and a floor-to-ceiling height wide and one-half that distance high for anexterior inspection.9.4.4 Effective corrective action requires a precise definitionof the areas with apparent defects. Record each anomaly withannotation regarding the location of all recognizable bui
42、ldingcharacteristics such as windows, doors, and vents. The recordmay accommodate any requirement for calculations of enve-lope areas with anomalies.10. Thermographic Interpretation10.1 If apparent defects in insulation are not confirmed,corrected, and reinspected at the time of the thermographicsur
43、vey, then thermograms or other precise identification of thelocations and types of apparent defects are required. Theinterpretation of the thermogram allows determination of thefollowing information:10.1.1 Locations of the regions where insulation is appar-ently missing or defective and their total
44、area.10.1.2 Locations of the regions where the insulation isapparently intact and their total area.10.1.3 Location and total area of added insulation (if 10.1.1and 10.1.2 were performed in a thermographic inspection priorto adding insulation).10.1.4 Estimated total area of surfaces that cannot beins
45、pected.10.2 Interpretation of thermographic images requires aware-ness of the following types of patterns:10.2.1 Intact InsulationAs seen from the warm side of theconstruction: dark parallel lines, representing the framing;uniformly lighter areas between the framing lines, representingthe insulation
46、. As seen from the cool side of the construction:the framing lines are light. The areas containing insulation areuniformly dark.NOTE 1Metal framing with no insulation may fit this description. SeeNote 2.NOTE 2Metal framing conducts heat better than both air and insula-tion. If insulation is present,
47、 the thermal contrast between metal framingand the spaces between may be very strong. Independent verification maybe needed for metal-framed buildings to establish typical patterns forinsulated and uninsulated areas.10.2.2 Insulation Missing CompletelyAs seen from thewarm side of the construction: l
48、ight parallel lines, representingthe framing; darker areas between the framing lines, represent-ing the empty space between framing members. Convectionmay be visible in vertical framing, as evidenced by a gradientfrom dark (cooler) at the bottom of the space to light (warmer)at the top. As seen from
49、 the cool side of the construction: theframing lines are dark, the areas between framing are light andconvection is still lighter at the top of vertical spaces.NOTE 3Metal framing with no insulation may not fit this description.See Note 2.10.2.3 Insulation Partially MissingThe dominant effect isas described in 10.2.1, except that missing insulation shows asa well-defined dark region, as seen from the warm side and asa light region as seen from the cool side.10.2.4 Other Thermal PatternsIrregular variation of thethermal pattern in the spaces between
