1、Designation: C1088 17Standard Specification forThin Veneer Brick Units Made From Clay or Shale1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1088; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers thin veneer brick units madefrom clay, shale, fire clay, sand, or mixtures thereof, and firedto incipient fu
3、sion for use in adhered or fastened veneerapplications. Three types of thin veneer brick units in each oftwo grades are covered. In this specification, the term thinveneer brick shall be understood to mean clay masonry unitwith a maximum thickness of 134 in. (44.45 mm).NOTE 1Brick intended for pavin
4、g should be specified under Specifi-cation C902.1.2 The property requirements of this specification apply atthe time of purchase. The use of results from testing of brickextracted from masonry structures for determining confor-mance or nonconformance to the property requirements (Sec-tion 6) of this
5、 specification is beyond the scope of thisspecification.1.3 Brick covered by this specification are manufacturedfrom clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring substances andsubjected to a heat treatment at elevated temperatures (firing).The heat treatment must develop sufficient fired bond between
6、the particulate constituents to provide the strength and dura-bility requirements of the specification. (See “firing” and “firedbond” in Terminology C1232.)1.4 The text of this specification references notes andfootnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes andfootnotes (excluding those i
7、n tables and figures) shall not beconsidered as requirements of the standard.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This
8、 international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (
9、TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC902 Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic PavingBrickC1232 Terminology for Masonry3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions relating to thin veneerbrick, refe
10、r to Terminology C1232.4. Classification4.1 GradesGrades classify brick according to their resis-tance to damage by freezing and thawing when saturated at amoisture content not exceeding the 24-h cold water absorption.Two grades of thin veneer brick units are covered and therequirements are given in
11、 Section 6.4.1.1 Grade ExteriorBrick intended for use where highresistance to damage caused by cyclic freezing and thawing isdesired.4.1.2 Grade InteriorBrick intended for use where moder-ate resistance to cyclic freezing and thawing damage ispermissible.4.2 Three types of thin veneer brick units ar
12、e covered asfollows:4.2.1 Type TBS (Standard)Thin veneer brick for generaluse in masonry.4.2.2 Type TBX (Select)Thin veneer brick for general usein masonry where a higher degree of precision and lowerpermissible variation in size than permitted for Type TBS isrequired.4.2.3 Type TBA (Architectural)T
13、hin veneer brick for gen-eral use in masonry selected to produce characteristic architec-tural effects resulting from nonuniformity in size and texture ofthe individual units.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibi
14、lity of SubcommitteeC15.02 on Brick and Structural Clay Tile.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C1088 14. DOI:10.1520/C1088-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcon
15、tact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
16、Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trad
17、e Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14.3 When the type is not specified, the requirements forType TBS will govern.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Units shall not show surface defects and deficiencies,nor effects of surface treatments including coating in themanufacturing proce
18、ss, that interfere with installation of thebrick or significantly impair the performance of the construc-tion.5.2 Colors and textures produced by application of inor-ganic coatings to the faces of the thin veneer brick arepermitted if approved by the purchaser, provided that evidenceis furnished of
19、the durability of the coatings.6. Physical Properties6.1 DurabilityWhen the grade is not specified, the re-quirements for Grade Exterior shall govern.6.1.1 Physical Property RequirementsThe brick shall con-form to the physical property requirements as prescribed inTable 1.6.1.2 Absorption Alternativ
20、eThe saturation coefficient re-quirement does not apply, provided the 24-h cold waterabsorption of each of the five units tested does not exceed8.0 %.6.1.3 Freezing and Thawing AlternativeThe requirementsspecified in Table 1 do not apply, provided a sample of fivebrick passes the freezing and thawin
21、g test as described in theRating Section of the Freezing and Thawing test procedures ofTest Methods C67.6.1.3.1 Grade Exterior: Breakage and Weight LossRequirementNo individual unit separates or disintegratesresulting in a weight loss greater than 0.5 % of its original dryweight.6.1.3.2 Grade Exteri
22、or: Cracking RequirementNo indi-vidual unit develops a crack that exceeds, in length, the unitsleast face dimension.6.1.4 Low Weathering Index AlternativeIf the thin brickare intended for use exposed to weather where the weatheringindex is less than 50 (see Fig. 1), and unless otherwisespecified, th
23、e requirements given in Table 1 for Grade Interiorshall apply.NOTE 2A minimum compressive strength requirement is not includedin combination with other physical property requirements as an indicatorof freeze/thaw durability. The geometry of the thin brick units maypreclude proper testing and can aff
24、ect the failure mode attained. Thus,compressive strength test results may not be a true indicator of unitfreeze-thaw performance or fired bond.NOTE 3The effect of weathering on thin brick is related to theweathering index, which for any locality is the product of the averageannual number of freezing
25、 cycle days and the average annual winterrainfall in inches (millimetres), defined as follows.Afreezing cycle day is any day during which the air temperature passeseither above or below 32F (0C). The average number of freezing cycledays in a year may be taken to equal the difference between the mean
26、number of days during which the minimum temperature was 32F (0C)or below, and the mean number of days during which the maximumtemperature was 32F (0C) or below.Winter rainfall is the sum in inches (millimetres) of the mean monthlycorrected precipitation (rainfall) occurring during the period between
27、 andincluding the normal date of the first killing frost in the fall and the normaldate of the last killing frost in the spring. The winter rainfall for any periodis equal to the total precipitation less one tenth of the total fall of snow,sleet, and hail. Rainfall for a portion of a month is prorat
28、ed.7. Efflorescence7.1 Brick are not required to be tested for efflorescence tocomply with this specification unless requested by the specifieror purchaser. When the efflorescence test is requested by thespecifier or purchaser, the brick shall be sampled at the place ofmanufacture, and tested in acc
29、ordance with Test Methods C67,and a rating for efflorescence shall be “not effloresced.” If therating for efflorescence is “effloresced,” the brick representedby the testing do not meet the efflorescence requirements ofthis specification.8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations8.1 SizeThe face size
30、of thin veneer brick shall be asspecified by the purchaser. In a representative sample of tenunits selected to include the extreme range of color anddimensions of thin veneer brick to be supplied for each size andcolor combination in the purchase order, no thin brick shalldepart from the specified s
31、ize by more than the individualtolerance for the type specified as prescribed in Table 2.Tolerances on dimensions for Type TBA shall be as specifiedby the purchaser.NOTE 4Brick names denoting sizes may be regional and thereforemay not be included in all reference books. Purchasers should ascertainth
32、e size of brick available in their locality and should specify accordingly,stating the desired dimensions (width by height by length).8.2 WarpageTolerances for warpage of face or edges ofindividual units from a plane surface shall not exceed themaximum for the type specified as prescribed in Table 3
33、.Tolerances on warpage for Type TBA shall be as specified bythe purchaser.9. Finish and Appearance9.1 Face or Faces:9.1.1 The face or faces that will be exposed in place shall befree of chips that exceed the limits given in Table 4. Theaggregate length of chips shall not exceed 10 % of theperimeter
34、of the face or faces of the thin veneer brick.9.1.2 The face or faces shall not contain cracks or otherimperfections that detract from the appearance of the desig-nated sample when viewed under diffused lighting from adistance of 15 ft (4.6 m) for Type TBX and a distance of 20 ft(6.1 m) for Types TB
35、S and TBA.9.2 The number of thin veneer brick in a delivery that arebroken or otherwise fail to meet the requirements for chippageand tolerances shall not exceed 5 %.TABLE 1 Physical RequirementsDesignationMaximum WaterAbsorption by 5-hBoiling, %MaximumSaturationCoefficientAAverageof 5 unitsIndividu
36、alAverageof 5 unitsIndividualGrade Exterior 17.0 20.0 0.78 0.80Grade Interior 22.0 25.0 0.88 0.90AThe saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion in coldwater to that after 5-h submersion in boiling water.C1088 1729.3 After thin veneer brick are installed, the manufacturer o
37、rthe manufacturers agent shall not be held responsible forcompliance of thin veneer brick with the requirements of thisspecification for chippage and tolerances.9.4 If brick having a particular color, color range, or textureare desired, these features shall be specified separately by thepurchaser. T
38、he texture of the finished surfaces that will beexposed when in place shall conform to an approved sampleconsisting of not less than four typical stretcher thin veneerbrick, each representing the desired texture. The color rangeshall be indicated by the approved sample.10. Sampling and Testing10.1 T
39、he brick shall be sampled and tested in accordancewith applicable sections in Test Methods C67.10.2 The manufacturer or the seller shall furnish specimensfor tests. The place or places of selection shall be designatedwhen the purchase order is placed.NOTE 5Unless otherwise specified in the purchase
40、order, the cost oftests is typically borne as follows: if the results of the test show that brickdo not conform to the requirements of this specification, the cost istypically borne by the seller. If the results of the tests show that the brickdo conform to the requirements of this specification, th
41、e cost is typicallyborne by the purchaser.Grade Recommendations for Face ExposuresExposureWeathering Index (Note 3)Lessthan 5050 andgreaterIn vertical surfaces:In contact with earth MW SWNot in contact with earth MW SWIn other than vertical surfaces:In contact with earth SW SWNot in contact with ear
42、th MW SWFIG. 1 Weathering Indices in the United StatesTABLE 2 Tolerances on DimensionsASpecified Dimension,in. (mm)Maximum PermissibleVariation from SpecifiedDimension, in. (mm)Type TBX Type TBS3 (76) and under116 (1.6)332 (2.4)Over 3 to 4 (76 to 102) incl332 (2.4)18 (3.2)Over 4 to 6 (102 to 152) in
43、cl18 (3.2)316 (4.7)Over 6 to 8 (152 to 203) incl532 (4.0)14 (6.4)Over 8 to 12 (203 to 305) incl732 (5.6)516 (7.9)Over 12 to 16 (305 to 406) incl932 (7.1)38 (9.5)ATolerances for Type TBA shall be listed in purchase specification.TABLE 3 Tolerances on WarpageAMaximum Face Dimension,in. (mm)Maximum Per
44、missible Warpage, in. (mm)Type TBX Type TBS8 (203) and under116 (1.6)332 (2.4)Over 8 to 12 (203 to 305) incl332 (2.4)18 (3.2)Over 12 to 16 (305 to 406) incl18 (3.2)532 (4.0)ATolerances for Type TBA shall be listed in purchase specification.C1088 17311. Keywords11.1 appearance requirements; clay; fir
45、ed masonry units;masonry; physical properties; shale; thin brickSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(C1088 14) that may impact the use of this standard. (October 1, 2017)(1) Section 4 was revised to make the discussion
46、on Gradeconsistent with other brick unit standards and to properlyidentify that durability is related to cyclic freezing and thaw-ing.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standa
47、rd are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif
48、 not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, whi
49、ch you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM webs
