1、Designation: C1167 11 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Specification forClay Roof Tiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1167; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers clay tiles intended for use asroof covering where durability and appearance are required toprovide a weather-resistant surf
3、ace of specified design.1.2 Tiles are manufactured from clay, shale, or similarnaturally occurring earthy substances and subjected to heattreatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatmentmust develop a fired bond between the particulate constituentsto provide the strength and durabilit
4、y requirements of thisspecification (see firing and fired bond in Terminology C1232).1.3 Tiles are shaped during manufacture by molding,pressing, or extrusion and it is permitted to use the shapingmethod to describe the tiles.1.4 Tiles are generally planar or undulating rectangularshapes available i
5、n a variety of cross-sectional profiles, shapes,sizes, surface textures, and colors.1.5 Three grades of tile having various degrees of resistanceto weathering are covered in this specification. Three types oftile are defined to cover the features that influence appearance.1.6 The values stated in in
6、ch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is
7、theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on stan
8、dard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1232 Terminology for MasonryC67 Test Methods
9、 for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC297/C297M Test Method for Flatwise Tensile Strength ofSandwich ConstructionsC554 Test Method for Crazing Resistance of Fired GlazedCeramic Whitewares by a Thermal Shock Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to str
10、uc-tural clay products, and clay roof tiles, seeTerminology C1232.4. Classification4.1 Clay roof tiles covered by this specification are classi-fied by grade for durability and type for appearance as follows:4.1.1 Grades:4.1.1.1 Grade 1Providing resistance to severe frost ac-tion.4.1.1.2 Grade 2Prov
11、iding resistance to moderate frostaction.4.1.1.3 Grade 3Providing negligible resistance to anyfrost action.4.1.1.4 Grades relate to exposure to weather as defined inTable 1.4.2 Types:4.2.1 Type IHigh-profile tilestiles having a rise-to-width ratio greater than 1:5.4.2.2 Type IILow-profile tilestiles
12、 having a rise-to-width ratio equal to, or less than 1:5.4.2.3 Type IIIAll other tiles, including flat.5. Material and Finish5.1 Colors and textures produced by application of inor-ganic coatings to the faces of the tiles are not prohibitedprovided that evidence satisfactory to the purchaser is fur-
13、nished regarding the durability of the coatings. Tiles that are1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.06 on Roofing Tile.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2017. Published January 2018. Origin
14、allyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C1167 11. DOI:10.1520/C1167-11R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docu
15、ment Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on P
16、rinciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1colored by flashing or textured by sanding, where the sand doesnot form a continuous coating, are not considered as surface-colored
17、tiles for the purpose of this specification.NOTE 1When surface colored tiles (other than sanded or flashed) arespecified, data satisfactory to the purchaser shall be submitted showingthat after 50 cycles of freezing-thawing (5.2) there is no observabledifference in the applied finish when viewed fro
18、m a distance of 40 ft (12m) under an illumination of not less than 50 fc (538 lm/m2) by an observerwith normal vision. It is not prohibited to present service records of theperformance of the particular coated tiles in appropriate locations in placeof the freezing and thawing test, with the consent
19、of the purchaser.5.2 The tiles shall be free of defects, deficiencies, orbloating, that would interfere with the proper laying of the tiles,the performance of the roof, or the requirements of thisspecification.5.2.1 Tiles that, when broken, have a dark area that has asteely appearance and is sharply
20、 delineated from the surround-ing normal color of tile are not prohibited. This dark area isknown as black heart or black core. Black heart is generally theresult of the reduction of iron minerals during the firingprocess. Its presence, regardless of the size in the tile thatotherwise meets the phys
21、ical performance of this specification,shall not be cause for rejection.5.3 The exposed tile surface shall be free of chippage orother imperfections detracting from the appearance of thedesignated sample when viewed from a distance 40 ft (12 m)under an illumination of not less than 50 fc (538 lm/m2)
22、byanobserver with normal vision.5.4 Unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaserand the seller, a delivery of tiles shall contain not less than95 % whole tiles. In this specification, the term whole tilesshall be understood to mean tiles meeting the appearancerequirements of this specification
23、.5.5 After tiles are placed in usage, the manufacturer or hisagent shall not be held responsible for compliance of tiles withthe requirements of this specification for dimensionaltolerances, finish, texture, or color.6. Performance Requirements6.1 DurabilityThe tiles shall conform to the physicalreq
24、uirements for the Grade specified as prescribed in Table 2.Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, tiles of a higherGrade (greater weathering index) shall be accepted instead ofa lower Grade. The saturation coefficient requirement does notapply when the average cold water absorption of a random
25、sample of five tiles does not exceed 6 %, no more than one tileof the sample exceeds 6 % and its cold water absorption is lessthan 8 %. When Grade 3 tiles are used in regions where theweathering index is less than 50 (see Annex A1), unlessotherwise specified, the requirements for water absorption an
26、dfor saturation coefficient shall not apply.NOTE 2Frost is of profound importance in mechanical weatheringwhere its effectiveness is dependent on the frequency of temperaturefluctuation across the freezing point in the presence of water. The abilityof a tile to resist failure in a wet and freezing e
27、nvironment is, therefore, ofparamount importance. If a tile fails in such an environment, its use willresult in an unacceptable deterioration of appearance or more likely, a totalfailure to function (that is, protect the underlying structure from rain), orboth. Such a tile is completely unacceptable
28、 for use regardless of its otherproperties such as strength.NOTE 3The resistance of clay roof tiles to weathering cannot bepredicted with complete assurance using any of the physical testsprescribed. However, practical experience has demonstrated satisfactoryperformance of clay roof tiles, some for
29、hundreds of years, and thisexperience forms the basis of the prescriptive requirements of Table 2.There is generally excellent correlation between field performance and therequirements. However, it is possible that some tiles that meet thisspecification are not suitable for severe climates. Furtherm
30、ore, it is alsopossible for other tiles that do not meet this specification to showacceptable serviceability in the most severe climates. The best indicationof clay roof tile durability is the service record of experience with thespecified product in the environment of its intended use.6.1.1 Measure
31、 the water absorption, and calculate the satu-ration coefficient, in accordance with Test Methods C67. Thetest sample shall consist of five whole tiles.6.1.2 The physical requirements in Table 2 shall be achievedas a result of the firing process and associated thermal reactionswithin the tile body (
32、and glaze, if present) which includedevelopment of the fired bond, increase in density, increase instrength, and reduction in water absorption. Tiles shall notcomply with this specification if other processes, for example,immersion in solutions of organic materials to effect impreg-nation or surface
33、 sealing, are used to change the physicalproperties which result from the firing process. It is notprohibited to test tiles in accordance with this Specificationafter the impregnation and sealing materials are removed asprescribed in Test Methods C67.6.2 Freezing and ThawingThe requirements specifie
34、d in6.1 for water absorption (5-h boiling) and saturation coefficientshall not apply for all Grades provided that a sample of fivetiles, meeting all of the other requirements, experiences nobreakage, no crack development that exceeds the minimumdimension of the specimen, and not greater than 0.5 % l
35、oss indry weight when subjected to 50 cycles of the freezing-and-thawing test of Test Methods C67, modified in accordance with6.2.1.6.2.1 Modify Test Methods C67, Section 8, as follows: Thetest sample shall consist of five whole tiles. The freezing traysand containers shall be of sufficient size and
36、 depth to allow thetiles to be completely submerged in water when placedTABLE 1 Grade Classification for Clay Roof TilesGrade(All Types)Weathering Index (see Annex A1)1 500 and greater2 50to5003 less than 50TABLE 2 Physical RequirementsAbsorption RequirementsGradeCold Water AbsorptionMaximum Percent
37、Maximum SaturationCoefficientAAverage ofFive TilesIndividualTileAverage ofFive TilesIndividualTile1 6 8 0.74 0.762 11 13 0.80 0.823 13 15 0.84 0.86AThe saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion in waterat a temperature of 75 10F (24 6C) to that after 5 h submersion in boil
38、ingwater.C1167 11 (2017)2horizontally. The tiles shall be completely submerged in waterwhen the trays are placed in the freezing chamber. It is notprohibited to test individual tile or to stack tile on top of eachother in the tray, provided that spacers at least14 in. (6 mm)thick are used between ad
39、jacent tiles and that the total stack iscompletely submerged.NOTE 4A large capacity freezer is generally necessary to accomplishfreezing in the manner specified in Test Methods C67 for trays containingmore than one tile. It is not prohibited to use custom trays to enclose thetile(s) and minimize the
40、 volume of water required to completely submergethe tile(s).6.2.2 A lot of tiles shall be given the Grade 1 rating withoutrepeating a freezing and thawing test provided that a previouslot made by the supplier from similar materials, by the sameprocess, at the same production plant, and within the pr
41、evious12 months, had passed the test, and provided also that a sampleof five tiles selected from the lot has an average and individualminimum transverse strength not less than the previouslygraded sample and has average and individual maximum waterabsorption and saturation coefficient not greater th
42、an those ofthe previously graded sample.NOTE 5Unless specifically requested by the purchaser, the 50-cyclefreezing and thawing test is used only as an alternative when tiles do notconform to either Table 2 requirements for maximum water absorptionand saturation coefficient, or to the restrictive abs
43、orption requirements in6.1.6.3 StrengthThe transverse breaking strength of tiles shallbe determined as described for the Flexure Test in TestMethods C67 except as modified in 6.3.1 to 6.3.7.6.3.1 Five tiles shall be tested wet after a 24-h submersionin water at a temperature of 75 6 10F (24 6 6C) or
44、 five tilesshall be tested dry after heating in a ventilated oven for 24 h ata temperature of 230 to 239F (110 to 115C).6.3.1.1 Tile shall be considered to comply with this speci-fication when they pass the requirement of either the wet or thedry transverse strength test. The choice of method, wet o
45、r dry,shall be mutually agreed upon between specifier and supplier.6.3.2 The span chosen for the test shall be 12 in. (30.5 cm)6 5%or23 of the length of the tile, whichever is greater. Thespan is measured between the centers of the lower supportmembers (6.3.3 and Fig. 1).6.3.2.1 It is not prohibited
46、 to use a shorter span thanrequired by 6.3.2 when the length of the tile to be tested is notsufficient to allow a 12 in. (30.5 cm) span to be used. In thatcase, a shorter span, not less than two-thirds of the length of thetile, shall be used and the required minimum values in Table 3shall be increas
47、ed proportionately to the reduction in span, thatis, multiplied by:NOTE 1See text for dimensions.FIG. 1 Schematic of Assembly for Flexure Strength TestingC1167 11 (2017)312span used in.!(1)6.3.3 The tile shall be tested in a three-point bending modein a horizontal plane with the bottom surface of th
48、e tile restingon two lower support members and with the load being appliedto the upper (exposed) surface of the tile by a third membermoving in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the tile andat mid-span (that is, equidistant from each of the lower supportmembers).6.3.4 The two support members
49、 and the loading membershall be of metal or hardwood with 1 in. (25 mm) 6 5 % widefaces. The faces shall be shaped (see Note 6) to closelyconform to the profile of the surface of the tile upon which theybear during the test (it is prohibited to use different profiles foreach member depending on the profile and cross-sectionalshape of the tile). The total height of the members shall not bemore than 1 in. (25 mm) greater than the rise of the tile profileand, if hardwood, they shall be backed up with steel bearingplates at least12 in. (13 mm) thick. A
