1、Designation: C1400 11 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Guide forReduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1400; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescencepotential in new masonry walls.1.2 The values stated in inch-po
3、und units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is there
4、sponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization establis
5、hed in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products (Withdrawn2009)3C67 Te
6、st Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC270 Specification for Mortar for Unit MasonryC1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit MasonryC1209 Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and RelatedUnits (Withdrawn 2009)3C1232 Terminology of Masonry3. Terminology3.1 Definitions
7、:3.1.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C43, C1180,C1209, and C1232 shall apply in this guide.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cryptoflorescence, na crystalline deposit of water-soluble compounds in the pores of masonry3.2.2 efflorescence, na crystalline deposit, usually
8、white,of water-soluble compounds on the surface of masonry.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe color of stains produced by acid-soluble vanadium compounds in clay masonry is usuallyyellow or green. The color of stains produced by acid-solublemanganese compounds is usually brown or gray.4. Significance and Use4.1
9、This guide provides information that, if implemented,will reduce efflorescence potential in new masonry walls.However, its implementation will not always completely pre-vent efflorescence.4.2 This guide may be augmented by related informationcontained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the add
10、i-tional material listed at the end of this specification, and otherpublications.5. Principles of Efflorescence5.1 Efflorescence is directly related to the quantity ofwater-soluble compounds within, or exposed to, the wall; andto the quantity of water exposed to these compounds. Sinceneither water n
11、or water-soluble compounds can be completelyeliminated from an exterior masonry wall, the potential forefflorescence is reduced by reducing water-soluble compoundsand water within the wall.5.2 While water penetration is reduced through properdesign and construction, water can penetrate into masonryw
12、alls through cracks and separations in the surface and the topof the wall. It can penetrate voids in the mortar joints or theinterface between the unit and mortar, and, to a lesser degreethrough the masonry units and the hardened mortar.5.3 If a significant amount of water penetrates the wall, thewa
13、ter will dissolve water-soluble compounds that may exist inthe masonry units, mortar components, grout, admixtures orother secondary sources, and may deposit them on the exteriorsurface of the masonry when it migrates to the wall surface1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on
14、ManufacturedMasonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.05 on MasonryAssemblies.Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published July 2017. Originally approvedin 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C1400 11. DOI: 10.1520/C1400-11R17.2For referenced ASTM standards,
15、visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright
16、 ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International
17、Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1through evaporation. Deposits may also form within themasonry resulting in cryptoflorescence.5.4 The most common efflorescence deposits contain two ormore of the following: potas
18、sium, sodium, calcium, sulfates,carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, and hydroxides.5.5 Some water-soluble compounds deposited on the sur-face of masonry can chemically react to form compounds thatare not water-soluble. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) deposits onmasonry are a fairly common example. They a
19、re a result ofreaction between the efflorescence compound calcium hydrox-ide and carbon dioxide after the calcium hydroxide is depositedon the surface of the masonry and is exposed to the air.5.6 Under some circumstances, particularly when exteriorcoatings are present, efflorescence compounds can be
20、 depos-ited below the surface of the masonry units. This condition iscalled cryptoflorescence. When cryptoflorescence occurs, theforces resulting from its confinement can cause disintegrationof the masonry surfaces.6. Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New MasonryWalls6.1 Efflorescence on a new
21、 masonry wall is reduced whenwater penetration of the wall is minimized; when water thatpenetrates or condenses in the wall is quickly drained from thewall; when contact between dissimilar masonry units isavoided; and when potential efflorescence compounds in thewall materials are minimized.6.2 The
22、amount of water from wind-driven rain that is ableto penetrate a masonry wall is minimized by:6.2.1 Good bond and full contact between masonry unitsand mortar. This condition is achieved by using mortar that iscompatible with the masonry units; completely filled head andbed mortar joints in solid un
23、it masonry; completely filled faceshells head and bed joints in hollow unit masonry; compactedconcave, V, or grapevine mortar joints on the exterior face ofthe wall; cold weather construction practices that preventmasonry materials from freezing; and by hot weather construc-tion practices that preve
24、nt newly placed mortar from dryingrapidly.6.2.2 Construction practices that protect the tops and sidesof uncompleted walls and openings from rain or snow duringconstruction.6.2.3 The use of flashing at the intersection of roofing andmasonry walls.6.2.4 The use of sills, copings, and chimney caps of
25、solidmasonry units, stone, reinforced concrete, or corrosion resis-tant metal. To be most effective, masonry, stone, and concretesills, copings, and chimney caps should project beyond the faceof the wall; have drips that are at least 1 in. (25 mm) from theface of the wall, and have functional flashi
26、ng and weep holes.In addition, all sills, copings, and chimney caps should besloped a minimum of 1+4; be mechanically anchored to thewall, and should have properly sized, located, and sealedmovement joints when necessary.6.2.5 Properly sized, located, and sealed movement joints inwall and around ope
27、nings in wall.6.2.6 Overhangs to protect the wall from rain.6.2.7 Utilization of compatible water repellent coating onconcrete masonry walls or integral water repellent admixturesin concrete masonry units.6.3 Water that penetrates a masonry wall is quickly drainedout of the wall by:6.3.1 Unobstructe
28、d drainage in air space of drainage walls.6.3.2 Functional, unpunctured flashing and weep holes atbase of wall above grade; above openings in wall, shelf angles,lintels, wall-roofing intersections, chimneys, and bay windows,and below window sills and copings. The flashing should beextended beyond th
29、e exterior face of the wall. The flashingshould have end dams at its discontinuous ends, and properlysealed splices and laps at its joints.6.4 Contact between dissimilar masonry units is avoided by:6.4.1 The use of cavity walls with unobstructed 2 in. (50mm) minimum drainage air space to separate th
30、e exteriormasonry wythe from the backup wall consisting of a dissimilarmasonry unit.6.4.2 The use of flashing between masonry wall and sills,copings, and chimney caps of a dissimilar material.6.4.3 The use of flashing or separator between changes inmaterials in wall.6.5 Potential efflorescence compo
31、unds in the wall materialscan be minimized by:6.5.1 Preconstruction testing of all masonry materials,water, cleaning agents, and admixtures to be used in a masonrywall to evaluate their potential to contribute to efflorescence.The results of these tests should be evaluated together with theinfluence
32、 of construction practices and design in predictingefflorescence potential in masonry walls. Available precon-struction tests include: Test Methods C67 efflorescence test forbrick; chemical analysis of cements to determine water solublealkali (Na2OK2O) content; chemical analysis of hydrated limeto d
33、etermine calcium sulfate content; and chemical analysis ofsand, water, admixtures and cleaning agents to determinealkali, chloride, and sulfate content. Ion chromatography is achemical analytical technique that can be used to performpreconstruction testing of masonry materials. Presently, there isno
34、 ASTM efflorescence test for concrete masonry units ormortar. The potential for efflorescence increases with increas-ing amounts of water-soluble alkali, chlorides, and sulfates inthe masonry wall materials.6.5.2 Storage and protection of all masonry materials priorto use to prevent contact with dis
35、similar materials and toprotect materials from moisture.6.5.3 Protection of all masonry materials during transporta-tion when there is a probability of contamination from roadsalts, fertilizers, and airborne contaminants.6.5.4 Utilization of proper cleaning materials and proce-dures on new masonry w
36、alls.7. Keywords7.1 efflorescence; end dam; flashing; masonry units; mortar;preconstruction testing; water penetration; weep holesC1400 11 (2017)2ADDITIONAL MATERIAL(1) Brownell , W. E., “The Causes and Control of Efflorescence onBrickwork,” Research Report Number 15, Structural Clay ProductsInstitu
37、te, McLean, VA, August 1969.(2) Chin, I. R. and Behie, W. L., “Efflorescence: Evaluation of PublishedTest Methods for Brick and Efforts to Develop a Masonry AssemblyTest Method,” Journal of ASTM International Selected TechnicalPapers STP 1512, Jamie Farny and William L. Behie, JAI GuestEditors, ASTM
38、 International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010, pp.313.(3) Chin, I. R., and Petry, L., “Design and Testing to Reduce Efflores-cence Potential in New Brick Masonry Walls,” Masonry: Design andConstruction, Problems and Repair, ASTM STP 1180, J. M. Melanderand L. R. Lauersdorf, Eds., American Society for
39、Testing andMaterials, Philadelphia, 1993, pp. 317.(4) “Control and Removal of Efflorescence,” NCMA-TEK 8-3A, Na-tional Concrete Masonry Association, Herndon, VA, 1996 .(5) “Efflorescence Causes and Mechanisms, Part I of II,” TechnicalNotes 23 (revised), Brick Institute of America, Reston, VA, May198
40、5.(6) “Efflorescence Prevention and Control, Part II of II,” Technical Notes23A (revised), Brick Institute of America, Reston, VA, June 1985.(7) Grimm, C. T. “Water Permeance of Masonry Walls: A Review of theLiterature,” Masonry: Materials, Properties, and Performance,ASTM STP 778, J. G. Borchelt, E
41、d., American Society for Testingand Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1982, pp. 178199.(8) Grimm, C. T., The Hidden Flashing Fiasco, Construction ResearchCenter, University of Texas at Arlington, April 1994.(9) Sanders, J. P. and Brosnan, D. A., “Test Method for Determining theEfflorescence Potential of
42、Masonry Materials Based on Soluble SaltContent”, Journal of ASTM International Selected Technical PapersSTP 1512, Jamie Farny and William L. Behie, JAI Guest Editors,ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010, pp. 1431.(10) “Trowel Tips: Efflorescence,” 1S239, Portland Cement Association,Skokie
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47、oveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 11 (2017)3
