1、Designation: C1407 98 (Reapproved 2011)1Standard Practice forCalculating Areas, Volume, and Linear Change of RefractoryShapes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1407; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTESection 4.4 was corrected editorially in October 2011.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the methods of calculati
3、ng areas,volumes, and linear changes of irregularly shaped refractoryspecimens.1.2 Areas of irregular (both conventional and shaped) speci-mens are required for determining the creep of certain refrac-tory products.1.3 Linear and volume changes or irregularly shaped refrac-tories are required for de
4、termining reheat change.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health pract
5、ices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption,Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of BurnedRefractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling WaterC830 Test Methods for Appa
6、rent Porosity, Liquid Absorp-tion, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density ofRefractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure3. Significance and Use3.1 Fireclay steel-teeming nozzles and sleeves are classifiedby volume reheat change. Bloating of some refractories resultsin irregular reheat dimensions, which
7、 are difficult to measure.This practice determines the volume without depending uponphysical linear measurements.3.2 Blast furnace checkers that have irregular cross-sectionsare classified by “creep properties.” This practice determinesthe average cross-sectional area without requiring area mea-sure
8、ments.4. Procedure4.1 The test specimens shall have their volume (VA) pre-determined using the standard procedure described in TestMethods C20 or C830.4.2 Dry the specimens to constant weight.4.3 Weigh the specimens to the nearest 0.1 g and record asW.4.4 If the specimens have parallel faces (such a
9、s groundsurfaces for applying load for creep data) measure the length tothe nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and record as L.5. Calculation5.1 Area of Creep Specimens (Irregular Cross-Sections):5.1.1area A! 5volumeV! C20 or C830! cm3length L! cm!5 cm2104m2! (1)5.1.2volumeV!5weightW! g!bulk density g/cm3!5
10、cm3106m3! (2)5.1.3 Illustration:Weight (W) = 375.2 gBulk Density = 2.56 g/cm3(Mg/m3)Length (L) = 10.795 cm (102m)V 5375.22.565 146.56 cm3106m3! (3)A 5VolumeLength5146.5610.795 102m!5 13.58 cm2104m2! (4)5.2 Volume Change of Reheat Specimens:% volume change DV! 5VB VAVA3 100 (5)where:VA= original volu
11、me, cm3(106m3)VB= final reheat volume, cm3(106m3), and1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C08 on Refractoriesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on Physical Properties.Current edition approved March 1, 2011. Published October 2011. Originallyapproved in 1998
12、. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C1407 - 98(2005).DOI: 10.1520/C1407-98R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
13、 page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.DV =(VB-VA) change in volume from State A to State B(volume obtained from either Test Method C20 orTest Method C830).5.3 Converting % Volume Change DV to % Line
14、ar ChangeDL of Reheat Specimens:5.3.1 If volume change is negative (shrinkage) then:% linear change DL! 5 1 1 1DV/100!1/3# 3 100 (6)5.3.1.1 Illustrate for an 8 % volume change (shrinkage) as:% linear change DL! 5 1 1 0.08!1/3# 3 100 (7)5 10.92!1/3 3 1005 1 0.973 % 3 1005 0.027 3 100 5 2.7 %5.3.2 If
15、the volume change is positive (expansion) then:% linear change DL! 5 11 % DV/100!1/313 100 (8)5.3.2.1 Illustrate for a +8 % volume change (expansion) as:% linear change DL! 5 1 1 0.08!1/313 100 (9)5 1.026 1! 3 1005 0.026 3 100 5 2.6 %NOTE 1The linear reheat change calculated from the volume changeis
16、 only an approximation and may be different from a measured value.6. Keywords6.1 area; checkers; creep; Fireclay nozzle; Fireclay sleeves;irregular shapes; linear change; refractories; reheat change;volume; volume changeASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent right
17、s asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any t
18、ime by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will
19、 receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM
20、 International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C1407 98 (2011)12
