1、Designation: C1417 11Standard Specification forManufacture of Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain,and Culvert Pipe for Direct Design1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and accep-tance of precast concrete pipe designed to
3、 conform to theowners design requirements and to ASCE 15 or an equivalentdesign specification.1.2 This specification is the companion to SI SpecificationC1417M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in thisspecification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A615/A615M Specification for Def
4、ormed and PlainCarbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA706/A706M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformedand Plain Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA1064/A1064M Specification for Steel Wire and WeldedWire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for ConcreteC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC7
5、6 Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, StormDrain, and Sewer PipeC150 Specification for Portland CementC260 Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Con-creteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, orTileC595
6、 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC655 Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load Cul-vert, Storm Drain, and Sewer PipeC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989 Specificati
7、on for Slag Cement for Use in Concreteand MortarsC1017/C1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forUse in Producing Flowing Concrete2.2 Other Standards:ASCE 15 Standard Practice for the Direct Design of BuriedPrecast Reinforced Concrete Pipe Using Standard Instal-lations (SIDD)3ACI 318 Building
8、Code Requirements for Reinforced Con-crete43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, seeTerminology C822.3.1.2 group of pipe sections, neach days production runof pipe sections of a single concrete strength for a specificproject.3.1.3 lot of pipe section
9、s, ntotal of the number of groupsof pipe sections of a single concrete strength produced for aspecific project.3.1.4 running average, naverage concrete compressivestrength of all groups of pipe sections of a single concretestrength produced for a specific project, generally determinedas each group i
10、s tested.4. Basis of Acceptance of Design4.1 Manufacturing Design DataThe manufacturer shallsubmit the following manufacturing design data for the con-crete pipe to the owner for approval.4.1.1 Pipe wall thickness.4.1.2 Concrete strength.4.1.3 Reinforcement:4.1.3.1 Specification,4.1.3.2 Reinforcemen
11、t Type 1, 2, or 3, where:Type 1: Smooth wire or plain barsType 2: Welded smooth wire reinforcement, 8 in. maximum spac-ing of longitudinals1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on SpecialProjects.Cu
12、rrent edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C1417 08. DOI:10.1520/C1417-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of
13、ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.4Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills
14、, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.aci-int.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Type 3: Welded deformed wire reinforcement, deformed wire, de-formed bars, or any reinforcement with stirrups, an-chored thereto4.1.3.3 Design yie
15、ld strength,4.1.3.4 Placement and design concrete cover,4.1.3.5 Cross-sectional diameters,4.1.3.6 Spacing,4.1.3.7 Cross-sectional area,4.1.3.8 Description of longitudinal members, and4.1.3.9 If stirrups are used, developable stirrup designstress, stirrup shape, placement, and anchorage details.4.1.4
16、 Design factors and the assumed orientation angle.4.1.5 Pipe laying length and joint information.4.2 Approval of the manufacturing design data shall bebased on its conformance to the owners design requirementsand to ASCE 15 or to an equivalent design specification.5. Basis of Acceptance of Concrete
17、Pipe5.1 Acceptance of pipe shall be on the basis of concretecompression tests, materials tests, conformance to the manu-facturing design data, conformance to this specification, andinspection of manufactured pipe for defects.5.2 When mutually agreed in writing by the owner and themanufacturer, a cer
18、tification may be made the basis of accep-tance of the concrete pipe. This certification shall consist of astatement by the manufacturer that the concrete pipe conformsto the manufacturing design data and to this specification, andthat the concrete and materials have been sampled and testedand confo
19、rm to this specification.5.3 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when they conform to the requirements of thisspecification.6. Material6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admix-tures, if used; and water
20、 in which steel has been embedded insuch a manner that the steel and concrete act together.6.2 Cementitious Material:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement con-forming to
21、the requirements of Specification C595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland-pozzolancement shall be fly ash.6.2.2 Slag CementSlag cement shall conform to therequirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989.6.2.3 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements ofSpecifi
22、cation C618, Class F or Class C.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the concreteshall be one of the following:6.2.4.1 Portland cement only.6.2.4.2 Portland blast-furnace slag cement only.6.2.4.3 Portland-pozzolan cement only.6.2.4.4
23、 A combination of portland cement and slag cement.6.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement and fly ash, or6.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement, slag cement (notto exceed 25 % of the total cementitious weight), and fly ash(not to exceed 25 % of the total cementitious weight).6.3 AggregatesAggrega
24、tes shall conform to the require-ments of Specification C33, except that the requirement forgradation shall not apply.6.4 AdmixturesThe following admixtures and blends areallowable:6.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to SpecificationC260;6.4.2 Chemical admixture conforming to SpecificationC494
25、/C494M;6.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowingconcrete conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M; and6.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwire and welded wire conforming to Specification A1064/A1064M; or of bars con
26、forming to Specifications A615/A615M, Grade 40 or 60, or A706/A706M, Grade 60.7. Joints7.1 The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concretepipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laidtogether to make a continuous line of pipe, compatible with thepermissible variations give
27、n in Section 15.8. Manufacture8.1 ConcreteThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, pro-portioned, and mixed with cementitious material and water andadmixtures, if any, to produce a homogeneous concrete mixtureof such quality that the pipe will conform to the designrequirements of this specification. T
28、he water-cementitiousmaterial ratio of all concrete shall be 0.53, or less, by weight.Minimum concrete strength shall be 4000 psi.8.2 FinishPipe shall be substantially free of fractures,large or deep cracks, and surface roughness. The ends of thepipe shall be normal to walls and center line of the p
29、ipe, withinthe limits of variations given in Section 15.9. Circumferential Reinforcement9.1 A line of circumferential reinforcement for any giventotal area may be composed of up to two layers for pipe withwall thicknesses of less than 7 in. or three layers for pipe withwall thickness of 7 in. or gre
30、ater. The layers shall not beseparated by more than the thickness of one longitudinal plus14 in. The multiple layers shall be fastened together to form asingle cage. If the multiple layers of a cage contain circumfer-ential splices, the individual layers shall be rotated so that thesplices are stagg
31、ered.All other specification requirements, suchas laps, welds, tolerances of placement in the wall of the pipe,and so forth, shall apply to this method of fabricating a line ofreinforcement. The design shall be based on the centroid of thelayers.9.2 Reinforcement placement and concrete cover shall c
32、on-form to the approved manufacturing data. The nominal con-crete cover over the circumferential reinforcement shall not beless than 1 in. in pipe having a wall thickness of 212 in. orgreater, and shall not be less than34 in. in pipe having a wallC1417 112thickness of less than 212 in. The location
33、of the reinforcementshall be subject to the permissible variations in dimensionsgiven in Section 15. Requirements for placement and protec-tive covering of the concrete from the inner or outer surface ofthe pipe do not apply to that portion of a cage that is flared soas to extend into the bell or re
34、duced in diameter so as to extendinto the spigot.9.3 Where the wall reinforcement does not extend into thejoint area, the maximum longitudinal distance to the lastcircumferential from the inside shoulder of the bell or theshoulder of the spigot shall be 3 in., except that if this distanceexceeds one
35、 half of the wall thickness, the pipe wall shallcontain at least a total reinforcement area of the minimumspecified area per linear foot times the laying length of the pipesection. The minimum cover on the last circumferential nearthe spigot shoulder shall be12 in.9.4 Where reinforcement is in the b
36、ell or spigot, theminimum end-cover on the last circumferential shall be12 in.in the bell or14 in. in the spigot.9.5 The continuity of the circumferential reinforcing steelshall be maintained during the manufacture of the pipe, exceptwhen, as agreed upon by the owner, lift eyes or holes areprovided
37、in each pipe or the pipe is converted into a manholetee.10. Welds, Splices, and Development of CircumferentialReinforcement10.1 General:10.1.1 When pipe are not marked to show a specificorientation in the ground, any weld to, or splice of, a circum-ferential shall be considered to be at the point of
38、 the maximumflexural stress.10.1.2 When pipe are marked to show a specific orientationin the ground, any weld to, or splice of, a circumferential shallbe considered to be at a distance determined by the orientationangle closer to the point of maximum flexural stress than themarking indicates.10.1.3
39、Splices of smooth and deformed wire shall be weldedand shall meet the requirements of 10.3 and 10.4.10.2 Notation:Awa= actual steel area of the individual circumferentialwire, in.2Awr= steel area required for the individual circumferentialwire for flexure, in.2, either at the splice, for splices,or
40、at the point of maximum moment, for quadrantmat reinforcement.db= diameter of reinforcing wire or bar, in.f 8c= design compressive strength of concrete, lb/in.2.fy= design yield strength of reinforcement, lb/in.2.Fw= embedded weld factor (see 10.4.3).Ld= development length of reinforcing wire or bar
41、, in.Pt= pull test strength of wire or bar at break, lbf.s = spacing of wire to be developed or spliced, in.10.3 Welds:10.3.1 For butt splices of circumferentials or where weldsare made to circumferentials, pull tests of representativespecimens of the circumferential across the finished weld shallde
42、monstrate a strength of no less than 1.1 times the designyield strength of the circumferential except as provided in 10.4.10.3.2 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailedanalysis may be made and the requirements of this section usedinstead of 10.3.1. For butt splices of circumferentials or
43、wherewelds are made to circumferentials, pull tests, Pt, of represen-tative specimens of the circumferential across the finished weldshall demonstrate a strength of no less than:Pt5 1.1 Awrfy(1)or no less than:Pt5 0.5 Awafy(2)whichever is greater.10.4 Lapped Splices of Circumferential Reinforcement:
44、10.4.1 Where lapped circumferentials are spliced by weld-ing, they shall be lapped no less than 2 in. Pull tests ofrepresentative specimens shall develop no less than 0.9 timesdesign yield strength of the circumferential.10.4.2 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailedanalysis may be made a
45、nd the requirements of 10.4.2 and10.4.3 used instead of 10.4.1. Where lapped circumferentialsare spliced by welding, they shall be lapped no less than 2 in.Pull tests, Pt, of representative specimens shall develop no lessthan:Pt5 FwAwrfy(3)or not less than the strength required by Eq 2, whichever is
46、the greater.10.4.3 The embedded weld factor, Fw, relates the pull teststrength of the non-embedded splice specimens to the strengthof the splice embedded in the concrete of the pipe wall.10.4.3.1 If the pull test break is in the wire, Fwshall be takenas 0.90.10.4.3.2 If the pull test break is in the
47、 weld, Fwshall betaken as 0.70.10.4.4 If lapped splices of circumferentials consisting ofdeformed bars #6 or less are not welded, they shall be lappednot less than Ld, where:Ld5dbfyAwr33 =f 8cAwa(4)or not less than:dbfy66 =f 8c(5)whichever is greater. Splices of larger than #6 bars shallmeet the req
48、uirements of ACI 318.10.4.5 If lapped splices of circumferentials consisting ofwelded smooth wire reinforcement or welded deformed wirereinforcement are not welded, the overlap measured betweenthe outermost longitudinals on each side of the splice shall beno less than the spacing of the longitudinal
49、s plus 1 in. or Ld,where:Ld5 0.27Awrfys =f 8c(6)whichever is greater.10.4.6 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailedanalysis may be made and the following exception to theC1417 113requirements of 10.4.5 may be applied. If the area of circum-ferential reinforcement is at least twice that required forflexure, the first requirement of 10.4.5 shall not apply. Theoverlap measured between the outermost longitudinals on eachside of the splice shall be no less than that required by Eq 6, or1 in., whichever is greater.10.4.7 Alternative splice designs t
