1、Designation: C1417 14Standard Specification forManufacture of Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain,and Culvert Pipe for Direct Design1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and accep-tance of precast concrete pipe designed to
3、 conform to theowners design requirements and to ASCE 15 or an equivalentdesign specification.1.2 This specification is the companion to SI SpecificationC1417M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in thisspecification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A615/A615M Specification for Def
4、ormed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA706/A706M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformedand Plain Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA1064/A1064M Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire andWelded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, forConcreteC33 Specification for Concrete Aggre
5、gatesC76 Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, StormDrain, and Sewer PipeC150 Specification for Portland CementC260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixturesfor ConcreteC494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,
6、 orTileC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC655 Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-LoadCulvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer PipeC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC989 Sp
7、ecification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete andMortarsC1017/C1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forUse in Producing Flowing ConcreteC1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in theProduction of Hydraulic Cement Concrete2.2 Other Standards:ASCE 15 Standard Practice for the Direct
8、Design of BuriedPrecast Reinforced Concrete Pipe Using Standard Instal-lations (SIDD)3ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Con-crete43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, seeTerminology C822.3.1.2 group of pipe sections, neach days produ
9、ction runof pipe sections of a single concrete strength for a specificproject.3.1.3 lot of pipe sections, ntotal of the number of groupsof pipe sections of a single concrete strength produced for aspecific project.3.1.4 running average, naverage concrete compressivestrength of all groups of pipe sec
10、tions of a single concretestrength produced for a specific project, generally determinedas each group is tested.4. Basis of Acceptance of Design4.1 Manufacturing Design DataThe manufacturer shallsubmit the following manufacturing design data for the con-crete pipe to the owner for approval.4.1.1 Pip
11、e wall thickness.4.1.2 Concrete strength.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on SpecialProjects.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014. Published February 2014. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last pre
12、vious edition approved in 2013 as C1417 13. DOI:10.1520/C1417-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM webs
13、ite.3Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 AlexanderBell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.4Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.aci-int.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
14、 Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.1.3 Reinforcement:4.1.3.1 Specification,4.1.3.2 Reinforcement Type 1, 2, or 3, where:Type 1: Smooth wire or plain barsType 2: Welded smooth wire reinforcement, 8 in. maximumspacing of longitudinalsType 3: Welded deformed wire reinforcement
15、, deformed wire,deformed bars, or any reinforcement with stirrups,anchored thereto4.1.3.3 Design yield strength,4.1.3.4 Placement and design concrete cover,4.1.3.5 Cross-sectional diameters,4.1.3.6 Spacing,4.1.3.7 Cross-sectional area,4.1.3.8 Description of longitudinal members, and4.1.3.9 If stirru
16、ps are used, developable stirrup designstress, stirrup shape, placement, and anchorage details.4.1.4 Design factors and the assumed orientation angle.4.1.5 Pipe laying length and joint information.4.2 Approval of the manufacturing design data shall bebased on its conformance to the owners design req
17、uirementsand to ASCE 15 or to an equivalent design specification.5. Basis of Acceptance of Concrete Pipe5.1 Acceptance of pipe shall be on the basis of concretecompression tests, materials tests, conformance to the manu-facturing design data, conformance to this specification, andinspection of manuf
18、actured pipe for defects.5.2 When mutually agreed in writing by the owner and themanufacturer, a certification may be made the basis of accep-tance of the concrete pipe. This certification shall consist of astatement by the manufacturer that the concrete pipe conformsto the manufacturing design data
19、 and to this specification, andthat the concrete and materials have been sampled and testedand conform to this specification.5.3 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when they conform to the requirements of thisspecification.6. Material6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced
20、concrete shallconsist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates;admixtures, if used; and water in which steel has beenembedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete acttogether.6.2 Cementitious Material:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specificati
21、on C150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement, portland-limestone cement, orportland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements ofSpecification C595, except that the pozzolan constituent in theType IP portland-pozzolan cement shall be fly ash.6.2.2 Slag CementSlag cement shall conform to
22、 the re-quirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989.6.2.3 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements ofSpecification C618, Class F or Class C.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the concreteshall be one of the followi
23、ng:6.2.4.1 Portland cement only.6.2.4.2 Portland blast-furnace slag cement only.6.2.4.3 Portland-pozzolan cement only.6.2.4.4 Portland-limestone cement only,6.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement and slag cement.6.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement or portland-lime
24、stone cement and fly ash, or6.2.4.7 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement, slag cement, and fly ash.6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the require-ments of Specification C33, except that the requirement forgradation shall not apply.6.4 AdmixturesThe following admixture
25、s and blends areallowable:6.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to SpecificationC260/C260M;6.4.2 Chemical admixture conforming to SpecificationC494/C494M;6.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowingconcrete conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M; and6.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend a
26、pproved by the owner.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwire and welded wire conforming to Specification A1064/A1064M; or of bars conforming to Specifications A615/A615M, Grade 40 or 60, or A706/A706M, Grade 60.6.6 WaterWater used in the production of concrete shallbe potable or no
27、n-potable water that meets the requirements ofSpecification C1602/C1602M.7. Joints7.1 The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concretepipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laidtogether to make a continuous line of pipe, compatible with thepermissible variations given in
28、Section 15.8. Manufacture8.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded,proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitiousmaterial, water, and admixtures, if any, to produce a thoroughlymixed concrete of such quality that the pipe will conform to thetest and design requirements of this
29、specification. All concreteshall have a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding0.53 by weight. Minimum concrete strength shall be 4000 psi.8.2 FinishPipe shall be substantially free of fractures,large or deep cracks, and surface roughness. The ends of thepipe shall be normal to walls and ce
30、nter line of the pipe, withinthe limits of variations given in Section 15.9. Circumferential Reinforcement9.1 A line of circumferential reinforcement for any giventotal area may be composed of up to two layers for pipe withwall thicknesses of less than 7 in. or three layers for pipe withC1417 142wal
31、l thickness of 7 in. or greater. The layers shall not beseparated by more than the thickness of one longitudinal plus14 in. The multiple layers shall be fastened together to form asingle cage. If the multiple layers of a cage contain circumfer-ential splices, the individual layers shall be rotated s
32、o that thesplices are staggered.All other specification requirements, suchas laps, welds, tolerances of placement in the wall of the pipe,and so forth, shall apply to this method of fabricating a line ofreinforcement. The design shall be based on the centroid of thelayers.9.2 Reinforcement placement
33、 and concrete cover shall con-form to the approved manufacturing data. The nominal con-crete cover over the circumferential reinforcement shall not beless than 1 in. in pipe having a wall thickness of 212 in. orgreater, and shall not be less than34 in. in pipe having a wallthickness of less than 212
34、 in. The location of the reinforcementshall be subject to the permissible variations in dimensionsgiven in Section 15. Requirements for placement and protec-tive covering of the concrete from the inner or outer surface ofthe pipe do not apply to that portion of a cage that is flared soas to extend i
35、nto the bell or reduced in diameter so as to extendinto the spigot.9.3 Where the wall reinforcement does not extend into thejoint area, the maximum longitudinal distance to the lastcircumferential from the inside shoulder of the bell or theshoulder of the spigot shall be 3 in., except that if this d
36、istanceexceeds one half of the wall thickness, the pipe wall shallcontain at least a total reinforcement area of the minimumspecified area per linear foot times the laying length of the pipesection. The minimum cover on the last circumferential nearthe spigot shoulder shall be12 in.9.4 Where reinfor
37、cement is in the bell or spigot, theminimum end-cover on the last circumferential shall be12 in.in the bell or14 in. in the spigot.9.5 The continuity of the circumferential reinforcing steelshall be maintained during the manufacture of the pipe, exceptwhen, as agreed upon by the owner, lift eyes or
38、holes areprovided in each pipe or the pipe is converted into a manholetee.10. Welds, Splices, and Development of CircumferentialReinforcement10.1 General:10.1.1 When pipe are not marked to show a specificorientation in the ground, any weld to, or splice of, a circum-ferential shall be considered to
39、be at the point of the maximumflexural stress.10.1.2 When pipe are marked to show a specific orientationin the ground, any weld to, or splice of, a circumferential shallbe considered to be at a distance determined by the orientationangle closer to the point of maximum flexural stress than themarking
40、 indicates.10.1.3 Splices of smooth and deformed wire shall be weldedand shall meet the requirements of 10.3 and 10.4.10.2 Notation:Awa= actual steel area of the individual circumferentialwire, in.2Awr= steel area required for the individual circumferentialwire for flexure, in.2, either at the splic
41、e, for splices, orat the point of maximum moment, for quadrant matreinforcement.db= diameter of reinforcing wire or bar, in.fc= design compressive strength of concrete, lb/in.2.fy= design yield strength of reinforcement, lb/in.2.Ld= development length of reinforcing wire or bar, in.s = spacing of wi
42、re to be developed or spliced, in.10.3 Welds:10.3.1 When splices are welded there shall be a minimumlap of 2 in. and a weld of sufficient length such that pull test ofrepresentative specimens shall develop at least 50 % of theminimum specified tensile strength of the steel. For butt-welded splices i
43、n bars or wire, permitted only with helicallywound cages, pull tests of representative specimens shalldevelop at least 75 % of the minimum specified tensile strengthof the steel.10.4 Lapped Splices of Circumferential Reinforcement:10.4.1 If lapped splices of circumferentials consisting ofdeformed ba
44、rs #6 or less are not welded, they shall be lappednot less than Ld, where:Ld5dbfyAwr33 =f cAwa(1)or not less than:dbfy66 =f c(2)whichever is greater. Splices of larger than #6 bars shallmeet the requirements of ACI 318.10.4.2 If lapped splices of circumferentials consisting ofwelded smooth wire rein
45、forcement or welded deformed wirereinforcement are not welded, the overlap measured betweenthe outermost longitudinals on each side of the splice shall beno less than the spacing of the longitudinals plus 1 in. or Ld,where:Ld5 0.27Awrfys =f c(3)whichever is greater.10.4.3 At the option of the manufa
46、cturer, a more detailedanalysis may be made and the following exception to therequirements of 10.4.2 may be applied. If the area of circum-ferential reinforcement is at least twice that required forflexure, the first requirement of 10.4.2 shall not apply. Theoverlap measured between the outermost lo
47、ngitudinals on eachside of the splice shall be no less than that required by Eq 3,or1 in., whichever is greater.10.4.4 Alternative splice designs that differ from 10.4 maybe submitted to the owner for approval.10.5 Development of Quadrant Mat Reinforcement:10.5.1 Circumferential quadrant mat reinfor
48、cement shallconsist of welded wire reinforcement with 8-in. maximumcross wire spacing. When quadrant mat reinforcement is used,C1417 143the area of the main cage shall be no less than 25 % of the arearequired at the point of maximum moment. The quadrant matsshall extend at least 45 on each side of t
49、he point of maximummoment.10.5.2 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailedanalysis may be made and the requirements of 10.5.3 or 10.5.4used instead of 10.5.1.10.5.3 When circumferential quadrant mat reinforcementconsists of welded smooth wire reinforcement or weldeddeformed wire reinforcement, the following requirements shallapply:10.5.3.1 The outermost longitudinals on each end of thecircumferentials shall be embedded in accordance with thefollowing requirements: (1) past the point where the quadrantreinforcement is no longer required by
