1、Designation: C1446 11Standard Test Method forMeasuring Consistency of Self-Flowing CastableRefractories1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the con-sistency (degree of self-flow) and working time of self-flowingcastable r
3、efractories. This test may optionally be used todetermine working time of self-flowing castables.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concern
4、s, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C71 Terminology Relating to RefractoriesC2
5、30/C230M Specification for Flow Table for Use in Testsof Hydraulic CementC860 Test Method for Determining the Consistency ofRefractory Castable Using the Ball-In-Hand TestC862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Speci-mens by CastingC1445 Test Method for Measuring Consistency of CastableRefra
6、ctory Using a Flow TableE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 consistency of self-flowing castable
7、 refractoriesthedegree of mobility (self-flow) of the refractory castable underits own weight as described in this test method at the specifiedtimes after adding liquid to the mixer.3.1.2 working time of self-flowing castable refractoriesthe elapsed time from the first addition of liquid during mixi
8、nguntil the mix will only achieve 25 % self-flow using theprocedure described in this test method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The castable refractory is mixed with a tempering liquidand the percentage of self-flow is measured. Self-flow is thepercent increase in the diameter of the sample after rem
9、ovingthe Specification C230/C230M cone mold and allowing thespecimen to flow (spread) under it own weight for 120 s. Theconsistency is measured 10 min after water addition. Workingtime may optionally be determined by repeating the self flowtest at regular time intervals.5. Significance and Use5.1 Th
10、is test method is used to measure the consistency(degree of self-flow) that a castable refractory demonstrates ata given level of tempering liquid at specified time intervalsafter the liquid is added. A self-flow of 25 % has been selectedas the minimum at which a mix can be poured into typicalmolds
11、or forms in normal practice.5.2 Castable refractories which are self-flowing at one levelof tempering liquid will require vibration for placement atsome lower level of tempering liquid. At the tempering liquidlevels which require vibration or tamping for placement, thecastable refractory should be c
12、haracterized using test methods1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolith-ics.Current edition approved July 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originallyapproved in 1999. Previous edition approved
13、in 2007 as C1446 07. DOI:10.1520/C1446-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM Int
14、ernational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.which are appropriate for castable refractories designed forvibration placement, such as Test Method C1445.5.3 This test method is not appropriate for determining thepumpability of castable refractories.6
15、. Interferences (Factors Known to Affect Results)6.1 During method development, a ruggedness evaluationwas performed using a castable comprised of 5 % cement,17 % reactive alumina, and 78 % tabular alumina. Severalfactors were found to cause statistically significant effects onthe measured results.
16、See ASTM Research Report No.C081016.6.1.1 Amount of Mixing LiquidThe amount of mixingliquid affects the measured results for typical self-flowingcastable refractories unless added by weight to within 6 0.002lb (6 1 g) of the target weight for a 16.52lb (7500-g) sampleweight. The target liquid level
17、is a percentage of the dry weightof the batch.6.1.2 TemperatureDuring ruggedness testing the effect oftemperature was evaluated. The test mix, tempering liquid, androom temperature were controlled to the same targets. Whenthe temperature was raised by 3.5F (70.3 to 73.8F) workingtime was found to be
18、 reduced by an average of 10 min. Whilethe degree of this effect may be castable-formulation-dependent, it is accepted that temperature will affect theworking time for all typical self-flowing castables.6.1.3 Mold Filling LevelDuring ruggedness testing it wasfound that filling the mold to a level of
19、132 in. below the top ofthe mold reduced the measured flow at 10 min after addingliquid to the mixer by approximately 5.5 % for a mix with anaverage flow of approximately 115 % at this elapsed time.6.1.4 Mold Lifting TechniqueDuring ruggedness testing itwas found that the technique for lifting the m
20、old from thesample affected the results. The techniques compared werelifting the mold straight up and twisting the mold approxi-mately 45 as it was lifted off the sample. Twisting the moldwhile lifting resulted in an appropriate 4.5 % increase in themeasured self-flow at 10 min after adding liquid t
21、o the mixer.6.2 Factors which were found to be rugged during methoddevelopment for percentage self-flow at 10 min after addingtempering liquid to the mixer were (1) ambient temperaturewhen varied from 70F to 74F, (2) tempering liquid whenvaried by 0.1 %, (3) holding time from filling the mold tolift
22、ing the mold when varied from 20 to 60 s, and (4)lubricating the flow surface and wiping clean prior to placingthe specimen on the flow surface as compared to no lubricationon a clean metal surface.6.3 Factors which were found to be rugged during methoddevelopment for working time were (1) holding t
23、ime fromfilling the mold to lifting the mold when varied from 20 to 60s, (2) lubricating the flow surface and wiping clean prior toplacing the specimen on the flow surface as compared to nolubrication on a clean metal surface, (3) returning the castableto the storage container after each flow measur
24、ement whencompared to discarding the castable used for each flowmeasurement, and (4) storing the castable in a covered mixingbowl when compared to storing in a sealed container.7. Apparatus7.1 Cone MoldThe mold used to form the specimen is inaccordance with Specification C230/C230M.7.2 Measuring Cal
25、iperEither a caliper in accordance withSpecification C230/C230M which reads directly in percentflow or a standard caliper that can be read to within 6 0.004 in.(6 0.1-mm) accuracy can be used7.3 Flow SurfaceA metal plate shall be used as the flowsurface for the sample. It shall be thick enough to re
26、main flatin use,18-in. thickness is recommended. The surface shall belevel and confirmed with a leveling device. It shall have asmooth mill finish with any minor imperfections groundsmooth. The surface shall not have any circumferential mark-ings, either permanent or temporary. Radial lines scribedl
27、ightly at 45 intervals are recommended to aid in measuringthe sample after flow. The surface must be kept clean and freefrom oxidation. A galvanized or stainless steel or other non-oxidizing metal is recommended. If the flow surface is anoxidizing metal, a lightweight oil can be used to preventoxida
28、tion. The surface must be wiped clean prior to use with anabsorbent cloth or clean sponge.7.4 Mixed Castable Storage ContainerThe mixedcastable may either be stored in the mixer bowl between flowintervals or transferred to a container for storage. Independentof the storage container used, it must be
29、 sealed airtight toprevent evaporation and must be constructed of a nonporousmaterial. The container size should minimize the air spacevolume above the stored mixed castable. No more than doublethe volume of the stored castable is recommended.7.5 Castable MixerThe castable mixing equipment shallbe i
30、n accordance with Practice C862. Care must be exercised toensure the appropriate size mixing bowl is chosen. A motor-driven mixer is highly recommended as many self-flowingcastable refractories require high-energy mixing to achievetheir self-flowing consistency at the specified liquid levels.7.6 Sto
31、pwatch/Timer, capable of being read to 1 s.7.7 Balance, accurate to 0.002 lb (1 g).7.8 Light Mold Release Oil or Vegetable Oil Cooking Spray.7.9 Absorbent Cloth or Clean Sponge.8. Procedure8.1 All times, amounts, and conditions are to be in accor-dance with this practice unless others are specified
32、by thecastable manufacturer/mix provider. Any deviations will beincluded in the test report, see Section 10.8.2 Ensure all materials and testing equipment that come incontact with the castable are within 2F (1C) of the ambienttemperature. During the test, the ambient temperature shouldnot be allowed
33、 to change more than 2F. (see 6.1.2). Wheneverpossible, the ambient temperature during the test should be inthe 68 to 75F (20 to 24C) range. Record the actual ambient,dry castable, and mixing liquid temperatures.8.3 Ensure all equipment is clean and dry. Remove anyoxidation from the flow plate; ligh
34、tly lubricate and wipe dry theflow plate and flow mold. Lubricate with a light lubricating oilor a vegetable oil cooking spray. No further lubrication of theflow plate shall be done until the testing is completed for theday.C1446 1128.4 Weigh out the mixing liquid to within 60.002 lb (6 1g)of that s
35、pecified (see 6.1.1).8.5 Dry mix the batch for 30 s.8.6 Start the timer/stopwatch and add all mixing liquidwithin 10 s while the mixer is running. Use care that none ofthe liquid or dry mix is lost. Mixing time and speed shall be asrecommended by the refractory manufacturer. After 1 min ofwet mixing
36、, stop the mixer, check for dry material in thebottom of the bowl, stir in any dry material by hand if needed,and resume mixing.8.7 At the end of wet mixing, place the mixed castablesample in the storage container and measure the castabletemperature. The mixed castable may be stored in either themix
37、er bowl or another container. The mixed castable samplemust be protected from moisture loss by sealing the storagecontainer. See 7.4.8.8 Approximately 1 min prior to each self-flow determina-tion, place the cone mold on the center of the flow plate withthe large end down. Hand-mix the stored castabl
38、e samplelightly with a spatula and pour into the mold. Do not vibrate thematerial into the mold. The mold must be filled flush with thetop. Either overfilling or underfilling will affect the percentflow results (see 6.1.3). If any material is spilled onto the flowplate, clean and wipe the plate dry.
39、8.9 At the scheduled time, lift the mold from the specimenusing care not to twist or pull the mold to the side (see 6.1.4).Wipe any castable adhering to the mold with a finger and placeit gently in the middle of the sample. Lightly lubricating thecone with a lightweight oil will prevent material fro
40、m adheringto the mold. Rubber or latex gloves should be worn whenhandling the castable to minimize the loss of fines whichadhere to hands. Record the actual stored castable temperature.8.10 Allow the specimen to flow for 120 s then measure andrecord the sample patty diameter or the percentage self-f
41、low(see 8.11). The flow should be measured quickly as self-flowwith some castables may still be proceeding. Measure the flow10 min after the water addition.8.11 Measure the diameter of the specimen at 4 placesapproximately 45 apart. If there are localized irregularities inthe specimen diameter, the
42、measurement may be taken in anadjacent area which better represents the average flow diam-eter. If the Specification C230/C230M caliper is used formeasurement, record the four individual readings. The sum ofthe four individual readings is the percent flow. If a standardcaliper is used, record the fo
43、ur individual measurements.Calculate and record the average diameter from the 4 measure-ments (see 9.1).8.12 As soon as the flow readings are recorded, return thecastable to the storage container and mix into the remainingcastable sample with a spatula. Wash the flow plate clean andwipe dry.8.13 If
44、working time is desired measure flow at 20 and 30min after liquid addition to the mixer and then every 15 min.Continue running and recording the remaining self-flow checks(see 8.10) until the result is found to be less than 25 %self-flow. Dispose of the castable and clean all equipment.8.14 If appro
45、priate, lightly lubricate the flow surface toprevent oxidation.9. Calculation9.1 Percentage Self-FlowWhen a standard caliper is usedto measure the sample patty, use the following formula tocalculate percent self-flow.DF = final average diameterDi = initial diameter (4 in. for theSpecification C230/C
46、230M mold)Percent self flow 5 Df2 Di#* 100/Di(1)5 Df2 4* 100/4 (2)9.2 Optional Working Time CalculationPlot the percent-age self-flow as the y scale on a graph versus the elapsed timeafter adding liquid to the mixer as the x scale. Both the y andthe x scales are linear. Connect each of the sequentia
47、l points onthe time scale with a straight line. Where the line crosses the25 % flow scale, draw a vertical line down to the time scale.Record this point as the working time of the castable refractory.9.3 See Table 1 and Fig. 1 as examples of the flow readingsrecorded and the calculation of working t
48、ime from thosereadings.10. Report10.1 Report the following information in the test results:10.1.1 Date test was run,10.1.2 Castable/product name or other description of thecastable tested,10.1.3 The dry batch weight for the test, lb (g)10.1.4 Identification and amount of any additives used(optional)
49、,10.1.5 Mixing liquid used as a percent of the dry sampleweight, (%)10.1.6 Mixing liquid range specified as being acceptable forthe product/castable tested (optional),10.1.7 Mixing liquid type (potable, deionized, distilled,other),10.1.8 Mixing time (minutes),10.1.9 Ambient temperature at the time of mixing, dry mixtemperature, and liquid temperature, F (C),10.1.10 Final castable temperature,F (C),10.1.11 Description of the container used to store thecastable between self-flow intervals,10.1.12 Percent self-flow at 10 min,10.1.13 Optional percent
