1、Designation: C 1484 07Standard Specification forVacuum Insulation Panels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1484; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、 indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the general requirements forVacuum Insulation Panels (VIP). These panels have been usedwherever high thermal resistance is desire
3、d in confined spaceapplications, such as transportation, equipment, and appli-ances.1.2 Vacuum panels typically exhibit an edge effect due todifferences between panel core and panel barrier thermalproperties. This specification applies to composite panelswhose center-of-panel apparent thermal resist
4、ivities (sec.3.2.3) typically range from 87 to 870 mK/W (12.5 to 125hrft2F/Btuin) at 24C (75F) mean, and whose intendedservice temperature boundaries range from 70 to 480C (94to 900F).1.3 The specification applies to panels encompassing evacu-ated space with: some means of preventing panel collapse
5、dueto atmospheric pressure, some means of reducing radiationheat transfer, and some means of reducing the mean free pathof the remaining gas molecules.1.4 Limitations1.4.1 The specification is intended for evacuated planarcomposites; it does not apply to non-planar evacuated self-supporting structur
6、es, such as containers or bottles with evacu-ated walls.1.4.2 The specification describes the thermal performanceconsiderations in the use of these insulations. Because thismarket is still developing, discrete classes of products have notyet been defined and standard performance values are not yetav
7、ailable.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to estab
8、lish appro-priate safety and health specifications and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificsafety considerations see Annex A1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 165 Test Method for Measuring Compressive Propertiesof Thermal InsulationsC 168 Termin
9、ology Relating to Thermal InsulationC 177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means ofthe Guarded-Hot-Plate ApparatusC 203 Test Methods for Breaking Load and Flexural Prop-erties of Block-Type Thermal InsulationC 480 Test Method for Flexure Cre
10、ep of Sandwich Con-structionsC 518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter ApparatusC 740 Practice for Evacuated Reflective Insulation In Cryo-genic ServiceC 1045 Practice for Calculating Thermal TransmissionProperties Under Steady-State Conditions
11、C 1055 Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions thatProduce Contact Burn InjuriesC 1058 Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluatingand Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal InsulationC 1114 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Thin-Heater ApparatusC
12、1136 Specification for Flexible, Low Permeance VaporRetarders for Thermal InsulationC 1363 Test Method for Thermal Performance of BuildingMaterials and Envelope Assemblies by Means of a HotBox ApparatusC 1667 Standard Test Method for Using Heat Flow MeterApparatus to Measure the Center-of-Panel Ther
13、mal Resis-tivity of Vacuum PanelsD 999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of ShippingContainersD 1434 Test Method for Determining Gas PermeabilityCharacteristics of Plastic Film and SheetingD 2221 Test Method for Creep Properties of Package Cush-ioning MaterialsD 2126 Test Method for Response of Rig
14、id Cellular Plastics1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 onThermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.22 onOrganic and Nonhomogeneous Inorganic Thermal Insulations.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2007. Published September 2007. Originally
15、approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as C 1484-01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM
16、 website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.to Thermal and Humid AgingD 3103 Test Method for Thermal Insulation Performance ofDistribution PackagesD 3763 Test Method for High Speed Puncture Properties ofPlastics Using Lo
17、ad and Displacement SensorsD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsE 493 Test Methods for Leaks Using the Mass SpectrometerLeak Detector in the Inside-Out Testing ModeF88 Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible BarrierMaterials2.2 Other Standards:ISO 8318 Packagi
18、ng - Complete, Filled Transport Packages- Vibration Tests Using a Sinusoidal Variable Frequency3IEC68-2-6, Part 2, Test F, Vibration, Basic EnvironmentalTesting Procedures4TAPPI T803 Puncture Test of Containerboard53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology C 168 applies to terms usedin this specifica
19、tion.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 adsorbenta component of some VIP designs, com-prising a chemical or physical scavenger for gas molecules.3.2.2 center-of-panela small area located at the center ofthe largest planar surface of the panel, equidistant from eachpair of oppos
20、ite edges of that surface.3.2.3 center-of-panel apparent thermal resistivitythe ther-mal performance of vacuum panels includes an edge effect dueto some heat flow through the panel barrier and this shunting ofheat around the panel becomes more prevalent with greaterpanel barrier thermal conductivity
21、, as shown in Fig. 1. Forpanels larger than a minimum size (as described in 11.4.1), thecenter-of-panel apparent thermal resistivity is the intrinsic corethermal resistivity of the VIP. This center-of-panel measure-ment is used for quality control, compliance verification, and tocalculate the effect
22、ive thermal performance of a panel. Theeffective thermal performance of a panel will vary with the sizeand shape of the panel.3.2.3.1 DiscussionApparent thermal resistivity, the in-verse of apparent thermal conductivity, is used when discuss-ing the center-of-panel thermal behavior and this value is
23、independent of the panel thickness.3.2.4 edge sealany joint between two pieces of panelbarrier material.3.2.5 effective thermal resistance (Effective R-value)thisvalue reflects the total panel resistance to heat flow, consider-ing heat flow through the evacuated region and through thepanel barrier.3
24、.2.5.1 DiscussionDepending on the thermal conductivityand thickness of the panel barrier and the size of the panel, theeffective thermal resistance of the panel over the edge to edgearea may be significantly less than the thermal resistancemeasured or calculated at the center of the panel. The effec
25、tivethermal resistance will also depend on the temperatures im-posed on the two faces of the panel.3.2.5.2 DiscussionThermal resistance, the inverse of ther-mal conductance, is used when discussing the effective thermalperformance of the panel. This value includes the effect of theactual panel dimen
26、sions, including the panel thickness.3International Organization for Standardization, Case Postale 56, GenevaCH-1211, Switzerland.4International Electrotechnical Commission, 3 Rue De Varembe; PO Box 131,Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland.5TAPPI, 15 Technology Parkway S., Norcross, GA 30092.FIG. 1 Side View
27、 of a Vacuum Insulation Panel Showing Edge Heat Flow and the Center-of-Panel RegionC14840723.2.6 effective thermal resistance after puncturethis valuerepresents the effective thermal resistance of the panel in theevent of a total panel barrier failure (complete loss of vacuum).The edge effect is sti
28、ll present after a puncture.3.2.7 evacuated or vacuum insulationsinsulation systemswhose gas phase thermal conductivity portion of the overallapparent thermal conductivity has been significantly reducedby reduction of the internal gas pressure. The level of vacuumwill depend on properties of the com
29、posite panel materials, andthe desired effective thermal conductivity.63.2.8 panel barrierthe material that envelops the evacu-ated volume and is used to separate the evacuated volume fromthe environment and to provide a long term barrier to gas andvapor diffusion.3.2.9 panel corethe material placed
30、 within the evacuatedvolume in order to perform one or more of the followingfunctions: prevent panel collapse due to atmospheric pressure,reduce radiation heat transfer, and establish interstitial spacesthat are smaller in dimension than (or near to), the mean freepath length of the remaining gas mo
31、lecules. The thermalconductivity of the panel core, or lcore, is defined as thethermal conductivity of the core material under the samevacuum that would occur within a panel, but without the panelbarrier material. This is the thermal conductivity that would bemeasured in the center of an infinitely
32、large panel.3.2.10 service lifeThe period of time over which thecenter-of-panel thermal conductivity meets the definition of asuperinsulation. A standard-condition service life is defined asthat period of time over which the center-of-panel thermalconductivity meets the definition of a superinsulati
33、on understandard conditions of 24C (75F) and 50 % relative humidity.3.2.10.1 DiscussionThe thermal resistance of a VIP de-grades with time due to residual outgassing of VIP materialsand gas diffusion through the panel barrier and edge seals. Bothof these processes are affected by the service environ
34、ment,most importantly by the service temperature and humdity in thesurrounding air. The service life in hotter or more humidconditions may be shorter; conversely drier or colder environ-mental conditions can extend the life of the panel.3.2.11 superinsulationinsulation systems whose center-of-panel
35、thermal resistivity exceeds 87 m K/W (12.5 hft2F/BTU in.) measured at 24C (75F) mean.3.3 Symbols and UnitsThe symbols used in this testmethod have the following significance:3.3.1 A = area, m2.3.3.2 B = outgassing coefficient of panel barrier, Pal/(h(1b).3.3.3 C = outgassing coefficient of panel fil
36、ler, Pal/(h(1a).3.3.4 do= density of the gas at standard temperature andpressure, kg/m3.3.3.5 g = outgassing rate, Pal/h.3.3.6 G = adsorbent capacity, Pam3.3.3.7 k = gas permeation rate, m3/h.3.3.8 M = molecular weight, kg/mole.3.3.9 P = pressure, Pa.3.3.10 p = gas permeance, m/hPa.3.3.11 R = ideal
37、gas constant, 8.315 J/g-mole K.3.3.12 T = temperature, K.3.3.13 V = internal VIP free volume, m3.3.3.14 a = outgassing exponent of filler.3.3.15 b = outgassing exponent of panel barrier.3.3.16 t = time, h.3.3.17 Subscripts:3.3.17.1 e = environmental.3.3.17.2 f = flange.3.3.17.3 i = refers to a speci
38、fic gas, that is, Piis the partialpressure of the ithgas.3.3.17.4 init = initial.3.3.17.5 s = surface.4. Ordering Information4.1 Orders shall include the following information:4.1.1 Title, designation, and year of issue of this specifica-tion,4.1.2 Product name,4.1.3 Panel size and effective R-value
39、 required,4.1.4 Service environmental parameters: maximum tem-perature, average temperature, maximum relative humidity,average relative humidity,4.1.5 Required service life,4.1.6 Tolerance if other than specified,4.1.7 Quantity of material,4.1.8 Special requirements for inspection or testing, or bot
40、h,4.1.9 If packaging is other than specified,4.1.10 If marking is other than specified,4.1.11 Special installation instructions if applicable,4.1.12 Required compressive resistance,4.1.13 Required effective thermal resistance after puncture,4.1.14 Any required fire characteristics,4.1.15 Required cr
41、eep characteristics,4.1.16 Required edge seal strength, and4.1.17 Required dimensional stability at service environ-mental conditions.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Panel Composite DesignThe panel shall consist of agas barrier layer(s), as described in 5.2, and an evacuated corematerial or system a
42、s described in 5.3. See Fig. 1.Anengineered quantity of gas adsorbent is optional. It is notnecessary that the panel design be symmetrical, dependingupon end-use requirements.5.2 Panel Barrier CompositionThe panel barrier consistsof one or more layers of materials whose primary functions areto contr
43、ol gas diffusion to the core, and to provide mechanicalprotection. Candidate panel barrier materials include metallic,organic, inorganic or a combination thereof depending on thelevel of vacuum required, the desired service life, and theintended service temperature regimes. Panel barrier materialsar
44、e selected to prevent outgassing, or at least to give off onlythose gases or vapors which can be conveniently adsorbed.5.3 Panel Core CompositionThe core shall comprise asystem of cells, microspheres, powders, fibers, aerogels, orlaminates, whose chemical composition shall be organic,6For further di
45、scussion on heat flow mechanisms in evacuated insulations, seePractice C 740 .C1484073inorganic, or metallic. Within the reticular portion of the core,subsystems such as honeycomb or integral wall systems areallowed.NOTE 1The function of the core composition or system is typicallytwofold: it reduces
46、 the radiative, solid, and gaseous heat transfer contri-butions to overall heat transfer, and it can provide a structural complementto the panel barriers. Core systems or densities will therefore vary fordifferent anticipated end-uses and service temperature regimes.6. Physical and Mechanical Proper
47、ties6.1 Compressive ResistanceThe required compressive re-sistance shall be specified by the purchaser according to theapplication.6.2 Effective Thermal Resistance (effective R-value)Table1 defines standard conditions and information that must bereported with the effective thermal resistance.NOTE 2B
48、ecause the effective thermal resistance is affected by manyvariables, manufacturers may also provide thermal resistance data at otherconditions. In addition to temperature, temperature gradient, and thicknesseffects, size and shape may have a significant impact on the effectivethermal resistance of
49、superinsulation panels, depending on the thermalconductivity of the panel barrier relative to that of the core. The effectivethermal resistance can also be affected by temporary temperature excur-sions that could occur during panel installation, as discussed further inAppendix X2.6.3 Effective Thermal Resistance After PunctureThisvalue represents the effective thermal resistance of the panel inthe event of a panel barrier failure (that is, after the panelinternal volume has reached ambient pressure) and shall bereported by the s
