1、Designation: C1484 10Standard Specification forVacuum Insulation Panels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1484; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses i
2、ndicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the general requirements forVacuum Insulation Panels (VIP). These panels have been usedwherever high thermal resistance is desired i
3、n confined spaceapplications, such as transportation, equipment, and appli-ances.1.2 Vacuum panels typically exhibit an edge effect due todifferences between panel core and panel barrier thermalproperties. This specification applies to composite panelswhose center-of-panel apparent thermal resistivi
4、ties (sec.3.2.3) typically range from 87 to 870 mK/W at 24C mean,and whose intended service temperature boundaries range from70 to 480C.1.3 The specification applies to panels encompassing evacu-ated space with: some means of preventing panel collapse dueto atmospheric pressure, some means of reduci
5、ng radiationheat transfer, and some means of reducing the mean free pathof the remaining gas molecules.1.4 Limitations:1.4.1 The specification is intended for evacuated planarcomposites; it does not apply to non-planar evacuated self-supporting structures, such as containers or bottles with evacu-at
6、ed walls.1.4.2 The specification describes the thermal performanceconsiderations in the use of these insulations. Because thismarket is still developing, discrete classes of products have notyet been defined and standard performance values are not yetavailable.1.5 The values stated in SI units are t
7、o be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health specificatio
8、ns and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1For specific safety considerations see Annex A1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C165 Test Method for Measuring Compressive Propertiesof Thermal InsulationsC168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationC177 Tes
9、t Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means ofthe Guarded-Hot-Plate ApparatusC203 Test Methods for Breaking Load and Flexural Prop-erties of Block-Type Thermal InsulationC390 Practice for Sampling and Acceptance of ThermalInsulation LotsC480 Test Me
10、thod for Flexure Creep of Sandwich Con-structionsC518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter ApparatusC740 Practice for Evacuated Reflective Insulation In Cryo-genic ServiceC1045 Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Prop-erties Under Stea
11、dy-State ConditionsC1055 Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions thatProduce Contact Burn InjuriesC1058 Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluatingand Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal InsulationC1114 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Thin-He
12、ater ApparatusC1136 Specification for Flexible, Low Permeance VaporRetarders for Thermal InsulationC1363 Test Method for Thermal Performance of BuildingMaterials and Envelope Assemblies by Means of a HotBox ApparatusC1667 Test Method for Using Heat Flow Meter Apparatusto Measure the Center-of-Panel
13、Thermal Resistivity ofVacuum PanelsD999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping Con-tainersD1434 Test Method for Determining Gas PermeabilityCharacteristics of Plastic Film and SheetingD2221 Test Method for Creep Properties of Package Cush-ioning Materials1This specification is under the juri
14、sdiction of ASTM Committee C16 onThermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.22 onOrganic and Nonhomogeneous Inorganic Thermal Insulations.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2010. Published October 2010. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as
15、 C1484-09. DOI:10.1520/C1484-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International
16、, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D2126 Test Method for Response of Rigid Cellular Plasticsto Thermal and Humid AgingD3103 Test Method for Thermal Insulation Performance ofDistribution PackagesD3763 Test Method for High Speed Puncture Properties of
17、Plastics Using Load and Displacement SensorsD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsE493 Test Methods for Leaks Using the Mass SpectrometerLeak Detector in the Inside-Out Testing ModeF88 Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible BarrierMaterials2.2 Other Standards:I
18、SO 8318 Packaging - Complete, Filled Transport Packages- Vibration Tests Using a Sinusoidal Variable Frequency3IEC68-2-6, Part 2, Test F, Vibration, Basic EnvironmentalTesting Procedures4TAPPI T803 Puncture Test of Containerboard53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology C168 applies to terms used in
19、this specification.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 adsorbenta component of some VIP designs, com-prising a chemical or physical scavenger for gas molecules.3.2.2 center-of-panela small area located at the center ofthe largest planar surface of the panel, equidistant from eac
20、hpair of opposite edges of that surface.3.2.3 center-of-panel apparent thermal resistivitythe ther-mal performance of vacuum panels includes an edge effect dueto some heat flow through the panel barrier and this shunting ofheat around the panel becomes more prevalent with greaterpanel barrier therma
21、l conductivity, as shown in Fig. 1. Forpanels larger than a minimum size (as described in 11.4.1), thecenter-of-panel apparent thermal resistivity is the intrinsic corethermal resistivity of the VIP. This center-of-panel measure-ment is used for quality control, compliance verification, and tocalcul
22、ate the effective thermal performance of a panel. Theeffective thermal performance of a panel will vary with the sizeand shape of the panel.3.2.3.1 DiscussionApparent thermal resistivity, the in-verse of apparent thermal conductivity, is used when discuss-ing the center-of-panel thermal behavior and
23、 this value isindependent of the panel thickness.3.2.4 edge sealany joint between two pieces of panelbarrier material.3.2.5 effective thermal resistance (Effective R-value)thisvalue reflects the total panel resistance to heat flow, consider-ing heat flow through the evacuated region and through thep
24、anel barrier.3.2.5.1 DiscussionDepending on the thermal conductivityand thickness of the panel barrier and the size of the panel, theeffective thermal resistance of the panel over the edge to edgearea may be significantly less than the thermal resistancemeasured or calculated at the center of the pa
25、nel. The effectivethermal resistance will also depend on the temperatures im-posed on the two faces of the panel.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.4Available from Internati
26、onal Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3 rue deVaremb, Case postale 131, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iec.ch.5Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.FIG. 1 Side View of a Vacuum I
27、nsulation Panel Showing Edge Heat Flow and the Center-of-Panel RegionC1484 1023.2.5.2 DiscussionThermal resistance, the inverse of ther-mal conductance, is used when discussing the effective thermalperformance of the panel. This value includes the effect of theactual panel dimensions, including the
28、panel thickness.3.2.6 effective thermal resistance after puncturethis valuerepresents the effective thermal resistance of the panel in theevent of a total panel barrier failure (complete loss of vacuum).The edge effect is still present after a puncture.3.2.7 evacuated or vacuum insulationsinsulation
29、 systemswhose gas phase thermal conductivity portion of the overallapparent thermal conductivity has been significantly reducedby reduction of the internal gas pressure. The level of vacuumwill depend on properties of the composite panel materials, andthe desired effective thermal conductivity.63.2.
30、8 panel barrierthe material that envelops the evacu-ated volume and is used to separate the evacuated volume fromthe environment and to provide a long term barrier to gas andvapor diffusion.3.2.9 panel corethe material placed within the evacuatedvolume in order to perform one or more of the followin
31、gfunctions: prevent panel collapse due to atmospheric pressure,reduce radiation heat transfer, and establish interstitial spacesthat are smaller in dimension than (or near to), the mean freepath length of the remaining gas molecules. The thermalconductivity of the panel core, or lcore, is defined as
32、 thethermal conductivity of the core material under the samevacuum that would occur within a panel, but without the panelbarrier material. This is the thermal conductivity that would bemeasured in the center of an infinitely large panel.3.2.10 service lifeThe period of time over which thecenter-of-p
33、anel thermal conductivity meets the definition of asuperinsulation. A standard-condition service life is defined asthat period of time over which the center-of-panel thermalconductivity meets the definition of a superinsulation understandard conditions of 24C and 50 % relative humidity.3.2.10.1 Disc
34、ussionThe thermal resistance of a VIP de-grades with time due to residual outgassing of VIP materialsand gas diffusion through the panel barrier and edge seals. Bothof these processes are affected by the service environment,most importantly by the service temperature and humdity in thesurrounding ai
35、r. The service life in hotter or more humidconditions may be shorter; conversely drier or colder environ-mental conditions can extend the life of the panel.3.2.11 superinsulationinsulation systems whose center-of-panel thermal resistivity exceeds 87 m K/W measured at24C mean.3.3 Symbols and UnitsThe
36、 symbols used in this testmethod have the following significance:3.3.1 A = area, m2.3.3.2 g = specific outgassing rate, Pal/h cm2.3.3.3 G = adsorbent capacity, Pam3.3.3.4 k = gas permeance, m/h Pa.3.3.5 M = molecular weight, kg/mole.3.3.6 P = pressure, Pa.3.3.7 Q = volumetric flow rate. m3/h3.3.8 R
37、= ideal gas constant, 8.315 J/g-mole K.3.3.9 T = temperature, K.3.3.10 V = internal VIP free volume, m3.3.3.11 a = outgassing exponent.3.3.12 ro= density, kg/m3.3.3.13 t = time, h.3.3.14 Subscripts:3.3.14.1 e = environmental.3.3.14.2 i = refers to a specific gas, that is, Piis the partialpressure of
38、 the ithgas.3.3.14.3 init = initial.3.3.14.4 u = limiting (after long time).3.3.14.5 0 = value after one h or value at standard tempera-ture and pressure.4. Ordering Information4.1 Orders shall include the following information:4.1.1 Title, designation, and year of issue of this specifica-tion,4.1.2
39、 Product name,4.1.3 Panel size and effective R-value required,4.1.4 Service environmental parameters: maximum tem-perature, average temperature, maximum relative humidity,average relative humidity,4.1.5 Required service life,4.1.6 Tolerance if other than specified,4.1.7 Quantity of material,4.1.8 Sp
40、ecial requirements for inspection or testing, or both,4.1.9 If packaging is other than specified,4.1.10 If marking is other than specified,4.1.11 Special installation instructions if applicable,4.1.12 Required compressive resistance,4.1.13 Required effective thermal resistance after puncture,4.1.14
41、Any required fire characteristics,4.1.15 Required creep characteristics,4.1.16 Required edge seal strength, and4.1.17 Required dimensional stability at service environ-mental conditions.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Panel Composite DesignThe panel shall consist of agas barrier layer(s), as describ
42、ed in 5.2, and an evacuated corematerial or system as described in 5.3. See Fig. 1.Anengineered quantity of gas adsorbent is optional. It is notnecessary that the panel design be symmetrical, dependingupon end-use requirements.5.2 Panel Barrier CompositionThe panel barrier consistsof one or more lay
43、ers of materials whose primary functions areto control gas diffusion to the core, and to provide mechanicalprotection. Candidate panel barrier materials include metallic,organic, inorganic or a combination thereof depending on thelevel of vacuum required, the desired service life, and theintended se
44、rvice temperature regimes. Panel barrier materialsare selected to prevent outgassing, or at least to give off onlythose gases or vapors which can be conveniently adsorbed.5.3 Panel Core CompositionThe core shall comprise asystem of cells, microspheres, powders, fibers, aerogels, orlaminates, whose c
45、hemical composition shall be organic,6For further discussion on heat flow mechanisms in evacuated insulations, seePractice C740 .C1484 103inorganic, or metallic. Within the reticular portion of the core,subsystems such as honeycomb or integral wall systems areallowed.NOTE 2The function of the core c
46、omposition or system is typicallytwofold: it reduces the radiative, solid, and gaseous heat transfer contri-butions to overall heat transfer, and it can provide a structural complementto the panel barriers. Core systems or densities will therefore vary fordifferent anticipated end-uses and service t
47、emperature regimes.6. Physical and Mechanical Properties6.1 Compressive ResistanceThe required compressive re-sistance shall be specified by the purchaser according to theapplication.6.2 Effective Thermal Resistance (effective R-value)Table1 defines standard conditions and information that must bere
48、ported with the effective thermal resistance.NOTE 3Because the effective thermal resistance is affected by manyvariables, manufacturers may also provide thermal resistance data at otherconditions. In addition to temperature, temperature gradient, and thicknesseffects, size and shape may have a signi
49、ficant impact on the effectivethermal resistance of superinsulation panels, depending on the thermalconductivity of the panel barrier relative to that of the core. The effectivethermal resistance can also be affected by temporary temperature excur-sions that could occur during panel installation, as discussed further inAppendix X2.6.3 Effective Thermal Resistance After PunctureThisvalue represents the effective thermal resistance of the panel inthe event of a panel barrier failure (that is, after the panelinternal volume has reached ambi
