1、Designation: C 1491 03 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Specification forConcrete Roof Pavers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1491; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers concrete roof pavers that aremachine-made from hydraulic cement, water, and suitablemineral aggregates with or witho
3、ut the inclusion of othermaterials, for use as roof ballast and protection of roofmembranes.NOTE 1The design of roof ballast systems for resisting wind uplift isbeyond the scope of this specification. Building codes and other standardsshould be consulted in designing for wind uplift resistance.1.2 T
4、he text of this standard references notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be consideredas requirements of the standard.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given
5、in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish app
6、ro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 140 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing ConcreteMasonry Units and Related UnitsC 150 Specification for
7、 Portland CementC 331 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Con-crete Masonry UnitsC 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC 989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concreteand MortarsC 1
8、157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic CementC 1209 Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Re-lated Units3C 1232 Terminology of MasonryC 1262 Test Method for Evaluating the Freeze-Thaw Dura-bility of Dry-Cast Segmental Retaining Wall Units andRelated Concrete Units3. Terminology3.1 Terminolo
9、gy defined in Terminology C 1209 and Ter-minology C 1232 shall apply to this specification.4. Material4.1 Cementitious MaterialsMaterials shall conform to thefollowing applicable specifications:4.1.1 Portland CementSpecification C 150.4.1.2 Modified Portland CementPortland cement con-forming to Spec
10、ification C 150, modified as follows:4.1.2.1 LimestoneLimestone, with a minimum 85 % cal-cium carbonate (CaCO3) content, shall be permitted to beadded to the cement, provided the requirements of Specifica-tion C 150 are modified as follows:(1) Limitation on Insoluble Residue1.5 %.(2) Limitation on A
11、ir Content of MortarVolume percent,22 % max.(3) Limitation on Loss on Ignition7 %.4.1.3 Blended CementsCement conforming to eitherSpecification C 595 or Specification C 1157.4.1.4 PozzolansSpecification C 618.4.1.5 Blast Furnace SlagSpecification C 989.4.2 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the f
12、ollowingspecifications, except that grading requirements shall notnecessarily apply:4.2.1 Normal Weight AggregatesSpecification C33.4.2.2 Lightweight AggregatesSpecification C 331.4.3 Other ConstituentsAir-entraining agents, coloringpigments, integral water repellents, finely ground silica, andother
13、 constituents shall be previously established as suitable for1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Publ
14、ished July 2009. Originally approvedin 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 1491 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docum
15、ent Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.use in concrete roof pavers and shall conform to appli
16、cableASTM standards or shall be shown by test or experiencesatisfactory to the purchaser to be not detrimental to thedurability of the units or any material customarily used inconcrete roof pavers.5. Physical Requirements5.1 At the time of delivery to the work site, the units shallconform to the phy
17、sical requirements of Table 1 and shall havea minimum net area average compression strength (average of3 units) of 3000 psi (20.68 MPa) with no individual unitcompressive strength less than 2600 psi (17.93 MPa) whentested in accordance with 8.2.5.2 Resistance to Flexural LoadThe average resistance t
18、oflexural load for three paver units shall exceed 350 lb (1557 N)and resistance to flexural load of each individual unit shallexceed 280 lb (1246 N) when tested in accordance with 8.2.5.3 Ballast WeightRequirements for ballast weight perunit area shall be specified separately.5.4 Freeze-Thaw Durabil
19、ityIn areas where repeatedfreezing and thawing under saturated conditions occur, freeze-thaw durability shall be demonstrated by test or by proven fieldperformance that the concrete roof paver units have adequatedurability for the intended use. When testing is required by thespecifier to demonstrate
20、 freeze-thaw durability, the units shallbe tested in accordance with 8.3.5.4.1 Specimens shall comply with either of the following:(1) the weight loss of each of five test specimens at theconclusion of 100 cycles shall not exceed 1 % of its initialweight; or (2) the weight loss of each of four or fi
21、ve testspecimens at the conclusion of 150 cycles shall not exceed1.5 % of its initial weight.NOTE 2This specification does not include criteria for hail stoneimpact. Where required, these criteria should be specified by the pur-chaser. Appendix X1 is provided as guidance to specifying hail-impactres
22、istance.6. Permissible Variations in Dimension and Weight6.1 Overall dimensions for width, height, and length shallnot differ by more than 618 in. (3.2 mm) from the specifiedstandard dimensions.6.2 Ballast weight shall not differ by more than 6 2.0 lb/ft2(9.7 kg/m2) from the specified weight.7. Fini
23、sh and Appearance7.1 All units shall be sound and free of cracks or otherdefects that would interfere with the proper placement of theunit or would significantly impair the strength or permanenceof the construction. Minor cracks incidental to the usualmethod of manufacture or minor chipping resultin
24、g fromcustomary methods of handling in shipment and delivery arenot grounds for rejection.7.2 Five percent of the units in a shipment are permitted tocontain chips not larger than 1 in. (25.4 mm) in any dimension,or cracks not wider than 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) and not longer than25 % of the nominal heigh
25、t of the unit.8. Sampling and Testing8.1 The purchaser or authorized representative shall beaccorded proper facilities to inspect and sample the units at theplace of manufacture from the lots ready for delivery.8.2 Sample and test units for compressive strength, flexuralload, absorption, density, ba
26、llast weight, and dimensionaltolerance in accordance with Test Methods C 140.8.3 When required, sample and test five specimens forfreeze-thaw durability in water in accordance with Test MethodC 1262. Freeze-thaw durability shall be based on tests of unitsmade with the same materials, concrete mix de
27、sign, manufac-turing process, and curing method, conducted not more than 24months prior to delivery.9. Compliance9.1 If a sample falls to conform to the specified require-ments, the manufacturer shall be permitted to remove unitsfrom the shipment. A new sample shall be selected by thepurchaser from
28、remaining units from the shipment with asimilar configuration and dimension and tested at the expenseof the manufacturer. If the second sample meets the specifiedrequirements, the remaining portion of the shipment repre-sented by the sample meets the specified requirements. If thesecond sample fails
29、 to meet the specified requirements, theremaining portion of the shipment represented by the samplefails to meet the specified requirements.NOTE 3Unless otherwise specified in the purchase order, the cost oftests is typically borne as follows: (1) If the results of the tests show thatthe units do no
30、t conform to the requirements of this specification, the costis typically borne by the seller. (2) If the results of the tests show that theunits conform to the specification requirements, the cost is typically borneby the purchaser.10. Keywords10.1 absorption; aggregates; ballast weight; cementitio
31、us;compressive strength; concrete roof pavers; durability; lime-stone; portland cementTABLE 1 Absorption Requirements for Concrete Roof PaversConcrete Density,lb/ft3(kg/m3)Maximum Water Absorption,lb/ft3(kg/m3)(average of 3 units)95 (1522) or less 15 (240)over 95 to 115 (1522 to 1842) 13 (208)over 1
32、15 (1842) or more 10 (160)C 1491 03 (2009)2APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SPECIFYING RESISTANCE TO HAIL STONE IMPACTX1.1 Where the purchasers deign criteria include resis-tance to impact from hail, hailstorm activity can be estimatedfrom Fig. X1.1. As further guidance, a minimum energy-impact
33、 resistance to hail stones in areas potentially subjected tomoderate to heavy hailstorm activity shall be 15 ft-lb (20.3 J).This impact energy is related to a hail stone of approximatediameter of 1.83 in. (46.5 mm), having a density 90 % of thatof water, and falling at the terminal velocity for a sp
34、hericalshape. Fig. X1.1 is based on hail storm activity reported by theNational Weather Service for the time period between 1955and 1995 and includes all reported hail storms with averagehail stone diameter 1.8 in. (45.7 mm) or larger.X1.2 Recommended testing for hail stone impact resistanceentails
35、impacting three specimens, supported as they would bein use, each to a series of three blows from a spherical ice ballof a size, configuration, and impact energy as outlined above.Failure of any specimen would be defined as the completefracturing of the test specimen through the height of the paver.
36、(Dents, chips, or cracks shall not be considered as failure of thetest specimen.)C 1491 03 (2009)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determ
37、ination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or w
38、ithdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that
39、your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).FIG. X1.1 Hail Storm FrequencyC 1491 03 (2009)4
