1、Designation: C 1572 04Standard Guide forDry Lead Glass and Oil-Filled Lead Glass RadiationShielding Window Components for Remotely OperatedFacilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1572; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or
2、, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Intent:1.1.1 This intent of this standard is to provide guidance forthe design
3、, fabrication, quality assurance, inspection, testing,packaging, shipping, installation and maintenance of radiationshielding window components. These window componentsinclude wall liner embedments, dry lead glass radiation shield-ing window assemblies, oil-filled lead glass radiation shieldingwindo
4、w assemblies, shielding wall plugs, barrier shields, viewports, and the installation/extraction table/device required forthe installation and removal of the window components.1.2 Applicability:1.2.1 This standard is intended for those persons who aretasked with the planning, design, procurement, fab
5、rication,installation, and operation of the radiation shielding windowcomponents that may be used in the operation of hot cells, highlevel caves, mini-cells, canyon facilities, and very high levelradiation areas.1.2.2 This standard applies to radiation shielding windowassemblies used in normal concr
6、ete walls, high-density con-crete walls, steel walls and lead walls.1.2.3 The system of units employed in this standard is themetric unit, also known as SI Units, which are commonly usedfor International Systems, and defined, by ASTM/IEEE SI-10Standard for Use of International System of Units. Commo
7、nnomenclature for specifying some terms; specifically shielding,uses a combination of metric units and inch-pound units.1.2.4 This standard identifies the special information re-quired by the Manufacturer for the design of window compo-nents. A1.1 shows a sample list of the radiation source spectraa
8、nd geometry information, typically required for shieldinganalysis. A2.1 shows a detailed sample list of specific datatypically required to determine the physical size, glass types,and viewing characteristics of the shielding window, or viewport. A3 shows general window configuration sketches. Blankc
9、opies of A1.2 and A2.2 are found in the respective Annexesfor the OwnerOperators use.1.2.5 This standard is intended to be generic and to apply toa wide range of configurations and types of lead glass radiationshielding window components used in hot cells. It does notaddress glovebox, water, x-ray g
10、lass or zinc bromide windows.1.3 Caveats:1.3.1 Consideration shall be given when preparing theshielding window designs for the safety related issues dis-cussed in the Hazards Sources and Failure Modes, Section 11;such as dielectric discharge, over-pressurization, radiationexposure, contamination, an
11、d overturning of the extractiontable/device.1.3.2 In many cases, the use of the word “shall” has beenpurposely used in lieu of “should” to stress the importance ofthe statements that have been made in this standard.1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, as
12、sociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 Industry and National Consensus StandardsNationally recognized industr
13、y and consensus standards whichmay be applicable in whole or in part to the design, fabrication,quality assurance, inspection, testing, packaging, shipping,installation and maintenance of radiation shielding windowcomponents are referenced throughout this standard and in-clude the following:2.2 ASTM
14、 Standards:2D 1533 Test Method for Water in Insulating Liquids byCoulometric Karl Fisher TitrationE 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant ExaminationE 170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurement andDosimetryASTM/IEEE SI-10 Standard for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units1This guide is under
15、 the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear FuelCycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.14 on Remote Systems.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2004. Published January 2004.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service a
16、t serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.2.3 American Concrete Institute (ACI) Standards:3
17、C-31 Seismic Requirements2.4 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Stan-dards:4Y 14 Engineering Drawing and Related DocumentationPracticesANSI/ASME NQA-1 Quality Assurance Requirements forNuclear Facility ApplicationsANSI/AWS A2.4 Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazingand Nondestructive Examin
18、ationANSI/AWS B2.1 Specification for Welding Procedure andPerformance QualificationANSI/AWS D1.1/D1.1M Structural Welding CodeSteelANSI/AWS D1.6 Structural Welding CodeStainless SteelANSI/ISO/ASQ Q9001 Quality Management Standard Re-quirements2.5 American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)Sta
19、ndards:5ASNT-SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Qualifica-tion and Certification of Nondestructive Testing2.6 Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC):6SSPC-SP1 Solvent CleaningSSPC-SP6 Commercial Blast CleaningSSPC-P1 Paint Application Specification2.7 Federal Standards (FS):7QQ-C-40 Caulking, Lead
20、 Wool, and Lead Pig2.8 Federal Regulations (FR):710 CFR830.120 Subpart A, Nuclear Safety Management,Quality Assurance Requirements2.9 International Building Code (IBC):7IBC Section 2314 Earthquake Regulations2.10 Other Standards:AESS (R) 44/70000/6 Atomic Energy Standard Specifica-tion for Shielding
21、 Glass8NCRP Report No. 82 SI Units in Radiation Protection andMeasurements9ICRU Report 10b Physical Aspects of Irradiation103. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 absorbed dosethe quotient of the mean energy (E)imparted by ionizing radiation to matter of mass (M). The SIunit for absorbed dose is the gr
22、ay, defined as 1 joule/kg and isequivalent to 100 rads. NCRP-823.1.2 activitythe measure of the rate of spontaneousnuclear transformations of a radioactive material. The SI unitfor activity is the becquerel, defined as 1 transformation persecond. The original unit for activity was the curie (Ci), de
23、finedas 3.7 3 1010transformations per second. NCRP-823.1.3 air dryer cartridgea cloth bag containing moistureabsorbent crystals. The bag is inserted into the dryer assembly.The crystals are used to absorb moisture from the containedenvironment.3.1.4 alphasee radiation.3.1.5 anti-reflection treatment
24、a process applied to thesurface of the glass that reduces reflection, and increases thelight transmission through the glass. It is often called alow-reflection treatment.3.1.6 as-built drawingsa set of drawings that reflect all ofthe changes that were incorporated into the components duringthe manuf
25、acturing process since the original design.3.1.7 barrier shield assemblyconsists of steel frames,gaskets and a glass plate; typically cerium-stabilized, as-sembled together to form a see through barrier. The assemblyis mechanically fastened to the hot side of the wall liner toprovide a gas tight con
26、tainment barrier, which protects thewindow assembly from any radioactive contamination withinthe hot cell (alpha particles and other contaminates).3.1.8 barrier shield glassa glass plate; typically ceriumstabilized that is used as a cover glass to see through and isolatethe window assembly from cont
27、amination. It is normallymounted in a barrier shield frame with gaskets to make up abarrier shield assembly.3.1.9 becquerel (Bq)see activity.3.1.10 bellowsa flexible enclosure generally made of apliable gasket material, which expands and contracts with thetemperature change of the inert gas and othe
28、r components,maintaining a controlled atmosphere within the window assem-bly. When employed, the bellows is generally connected to thetop of the expansion tank on an oil-filled window, and directlyabove the air dryer on the window housing of a dry window.The material of selection must be compatible
29、with the envi-ronment, and with the window components.3.1.11 betasee radiation.3.1.12 browningthe discoloration and darkening of glassto a brownish color due to excessive radiation exposure.3.1.13 bubbler systemdevice used as a pressure relief, andconstructed of an outer open top container or chambe
30、r that isfilled with a liquid. It has a separate pressurized tube insertedinto the liquid. When over-pressurization occurs in the tube,the gas bubbles out the bottom of the tube and up to the surfacethrough the liquid.3.1.14 buffer seala specially configured seal gasket usedon a barrier shield.3.1.1
31、5 build-up factorterm used for radiation passingthrough a medium, which is the ratio of the total value of aspecific radiation quantity (such as absorbed dose) at any pointin that medium to the contribution to that quantity from theincident uncollided radiation reaching that point. E 1703.1.16 centr
32、al viewing areathe central viewing area of aglass slab or glass plate is that viewing area, circular or3American Concrete Institute (ACI) Standards, 38800 Country Club Drive,Farmington Hills, MI 48331.4American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standards, 1819 L St. NWWashington D.C., 20036.5Ameri
33、can Society of Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) Standards, PO Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.6Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC), 40 24th Street 6th Floor, Pittsburgh,PA 15222.7Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Docu-ments, Mail Stop SSOP, Wa
34、shington DC 20402-9328.8HMSO, St. Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich, NR3 1BQ. UK.9Available from National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements,7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-3095.10Available from International Commission on Radiation Units and Measure-ments, Inc
35、., 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-3095.C1572042elliptical, of which the diameter of axis is 80 percent of themaximum usable viewing window dimensions.3.1.17 cerium-stabilized glassoften called non-browningglass is a glass type that contains a small percentage of ceriumoxide to h
36、elp stabilize the glass from discoloration due toradiation exposure.3.1.18 certified material test report (CMTR)a documentthat certifies the results of tests and analyses performed on theitem provided.3.1.19 checksvery small fractures, or breakouts normallyaround the edge of a glass plate, or glass
37、slab.3.1.20 chipa fragment broken from an edge or surface.3.1.21 clear viewthe physical size (length 3 width), ofthe smallest glass slab of all the glass components in ashielding window assembly. (The actual clear view may bereduced by the method of retention of the glass in the window.)3.1.22 cold
38、sidethe surface on a radiation shielding win-dow that is farthest from the radioactive source, and usually isnot subject to contamination.3.1.23 cold side loada cold side load window assembly isan assembly that is inserted into a wall liner or removed froma wall liner from the operator (cold side) o
39、f the hot cell.3.1.24 cover glass (hot or cold side)a glass plate posi-tioned on the hot or cold side of the window. The cover glassis often held in place with a trim frame assembly, and sealgaskets. This assembly achieves a seal, which isolates the innerglass slabs from the external atmosphere, and
40、 may also hold orcontain the mineral oil within the window assembly.3.1.25 curiesee activity.3.1.26 density incha term used to describe the specificgravity of a shielding material multiplied by the thickness ofthat material in inches. The units are (g/cc) 3 inch.3.1.27 desiccant air dryera device fi
41、lled with crystals,and is used to remove moisture from a contained environment.3.1.28 dielectric dischargean instantaneous flow of elec-trical current from an irradiated glass component to the ground,causing severe damage to the glass, usually in the form of adendritic fracture (Lichtenberg Figure)
42、or heavy cleavage.3.1.29 dose equivalentrepresents a quantity used for ra-diation protection purposes that expresses on a common scale,the dose from all types of radiation. Dose equivalent is theproduct of absorbed dose (D), a quality factor that normalizesthe effects between different radiation typ
43、es (Q) and othermodifying factors (N). The specialized unit for dose equivalentis the rem. The quality factors are specified by the InternationalCommission on Radiological Units and Measurements fordifferent types of radiation and organ exposures. The SI unit fordose equivalent is the sievert (Sv),
44、which is equal to 100 rem.Human exposure is often expressed in terms of microsieverts(Sv), 1 3 106sieverts, or in terms of millirem (mrem), 1 3103. 10 Sv is equal to 1 mrem. NCRP-82, ICRU-10b3.1.30 dose ratea quantity of absorbed dose received in agiven unit of time.3.1.31 dry lead glass windowa rad
45、iation shielding win-dow that is filled with slabs of lead glass with polished glasssurfaces. The assembly may be continuously purged with aninert gas. The glass surfaces within the shielding windowassembly are normally treated to minimize surface reflection.3.1.32 exposurethe quotient of the total
46、charge of ions ofone sign produced in air when all electrons are liberated byphotons in a volume element of air mass sufficient to com-pletely stop the electrons (charged particle equilibrium). Ra-diation exposure is a measure of the amount of ionizationproduced by x-ray or gamma rays as they travel
47、 through air.The special unit of exposure is the roentgen (R). It is equivalentto 2.58 3 104coulombs per kilograms of air. NCRP-823.1.33 extraction/installation table/devicea heavy dutytable or device capable of supporting one and one-half timesthe shielding windows weight that is used for extractin
48、g ashielding window, shielding plug, or view port from anembedment wall liner, or installing the shielding window,shielding plug, or view port into the wall liner.3.1.34 extreme view anglethe maximum angle that anoperator can see into the hot cell when looking through theshielding window from the ex
49、treme perimeter edge of the coldside trim frame.3.1.35 gammasee radiation.3.1.36 gas purge linea stainless steel tube supplying apressurized gas to the window assembly.3.1.37 gas-tight seala seal that meets the requirements ofa leak rate test.3.1.38 gas vent linea stainless steel tube connected to thewindow assembly for the purpose of venting gas.3.1.39 glass platetypically used as cover glasses or bar-rier shields. The maximum thickness is typically 40 mm (1.5in.) thick.3.1.40 glass slabstypically used for internal shielding inwindows a
