1、Designation: C 159 06Standard Specification forVitrified Clay Filter Blocks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 159; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthes
2、es indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification establishes the criteria for acceptance,prior to inst
3、allation, of vitrified clay filter block used intrickling filters for the treatment of sewage and industrialwastes.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only
4、 to thetest method portions shown in Annex A1-Annex A3. Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of reg
5、ulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 150 Specification for Portland CementC 896 Terminology Relating to Clay ProductsE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3. Terminology3.1 The definitions for clay, fire clay, shale, and surface clayare as d
6、efined in Terminology C 896.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 compressive strengththe pressure, measured in psi(kPa) which causes failure of vitrified clay filter block, with theload being applied to the block in the direction of use.3.2.2 filter blockrectangular, vitrified cl
7、ay units with in-terior drainage channels, having apertures that connect to thedrainage channels through the upper surface. The apertures arearranged to form drainage and aeration grilles that pass air into,and liquids from, overlying filtering media. The drainagechannels of the filter block provide
8、 for the conveyance of thefiltered liquid away from the filter bed.3.2.2.1 Type I-S and Type I-H filter blockone-piece unitssuitable for constructing a single-course trickling filter floor.3.2.3 lotunless otherwise specified, a lot shall consist ofall filter block of each type of the contract or pur
9、chase order.3.2.4 wallsExterior vertical sides of vitrified clay filterblock.3.2.5 websinterior supports separating channels of vitri-fied clay filter block.4. Classification4.1 Filter block are manufactured in the following types:4.1.1 Type I-S, standard rate and4.1.2 Type I-H, high rate.4.2 The pu
10、rchaser shall specify the type of filter block to befurnished.5. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for filter block under this specification shallinclude the following information:5.1.1 Quantity,5.1.2 Type of filter block,5.1.3 ASTM designation and date of issue,5.1.4 Required tests or certification, a
11、nd5.1.5 Inspection location; factory or point of delivery.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Filter block shall be formed from fire clay, shale, surfaceclay, or a combination of these materials.6.2 Formed filter block shall be fired to a suitable tempera-ture to yield a product that is strong, durable,
12、 and serviceableand conforms to this specification.7. Chemical Requirements Chemical Requirements7.1 Acid ResistanceAcid-soluble matter in filter blockshall not exceed 0.25 % by weight when tested as specified inthis specification in any of the following acids: sulfuric(H2SO4), hydrochloric (HCl), n
13、itric (HNO3), or acetic(CH3COOH). The test shall be performed only when specified.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C04 onVitrified Clay Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcomittee C04.20 onMethods of Test and SpecificationsCurrent edition approved May 1, 2006.
14、 Published May 2006. Originallyapproved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as C 159 98.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Do
15、cument Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7.2 The purchaser shall designate the acid or acids to beused in this test.8. Physical Properties8.1 Compressive StrengthCompressive strength test
16、s shallbe performed on full- or half-size block. The average compres-sive strength of filter block units shall be at least 450 psi (3.1mPa), and no individual unit shall have a compressive strengthless than 400 psi (2.8 mPa). The compressive strength shall becalculated on the gross area of the block
17、.8.2 AbsorptionThe average absorption of five filter block,determined by 1-h submersion in boiling water, shall notexceed 6 % by weight.9. Dimensions and Permissible Variations9.1 ApertureThe smallest dimension of an aperture inType I-S and I-H filter block shall not exceed 112 in. (38 mm),and the t
18、otal aperture area shall be at least 20 % of the top area.9.2 Drainage Channels:9.2.1 The drainage channel cross-sectional area shall bedefined as the channel area lying below the lowest level of theaperture. Minimum cross-sectional area of drainage channelsin filter block shall be as shown in the f
19、ollowing table:Drainage Channel Cross-Sectional AreaType Area, min, in.2/ft (cm2/m) of widthI-SI-H20 (425)40 (850)9.2.2 Drainage channels of filter block shall be curved ornarrowed at the bottom to maintain velocity in the channels atlow flow.9.2.3 The minimum depth of drainage channels in filterblo
20、ck shall be 212 in. (64 mm), measured from the lowest levelof the aperture.9.2.4 There shall be at least two parallel drainage channelsper foot (0.3 m) of width of Type I-S and I-H filter block.9.3 Exterior Walls and Interior WebsThickness of exte-rior walls in Type I-S and I-H filter block shall be
21、 at least916in. (14 mm) and interior webs separating drainage channelsshall be at least12 in. (13 mm).9.4 Permissible Variations in Dimensions:9.4.1 Exterior dimensions of filter block shall be the dimen-sions stated by the manufacturer, 614 in./ft (21 mm/m).9.4.2 The lower bearing surface of filter
22、 block shall not varyfrom a plane by more than316 in./ft (16 mm/m) of the greatestdimension of the block.10. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance10.1 Filter block shall be substantially free of laminations.10.2 Blisters shall not exceed 2 in. (51 mm) in diameter, andblisters or pimples shall not proj
23、ect more than18 in. (3 mm)above the surface.10.3 Chips shall not exceed 2 in. (51 mm) in length, 1 in.(25 mm) in width, and a depth of316 in. (5 mm).10.4 Open cracks shall be no longer than 112 in. (38 mm)and surface cracks no longer than 3 in. (76 mm). Open cracksshall not extend through the upper
24、surface from the end of thefilter block to an aperture opening, nor between apertureopenings.11. Sampling11.1 Selection of Test SpecimensFull- or half-size filterblock shall be selected by the purchaser or his representative atpoints he designates when placing the order. Specimens shallmeet the dime
25、nsions, workmanship, finish, and appearancerequirements of this specification.11.2 Number of SpecimensThe number of specimens tobe tested shall be at least five full-size or half-size filter blockselected from each lot, except the acid resistance tests shall betested on one specimen from each lot. A
26、dditional specimensmay be tested at the discretion of the purchaser.11.3 IdentificationEach specimen shall be marked so thatit may be identified at any time. Filter block specimenmarkings shall not cover more than 5 % of the superficial areaof the specimen.12. Retesting12.1 If test specimens from a
27、lot fail to meet compressivestrength, absorption, or acid resistance requirements, the manu-facturer or seller may sort the shipment into two lots. Newsamples shall be selected by the purchaser from the lot to beretained. If the set of test specimens from the retained lot failsto meet these requirem
28、ents, the retained lot shall also berejected.13. Test Methods13.1 Physical and chemical tests shall be conducted inaccordance with the procedures described in Annex A1-AnnexA3.14. Inspection14.1 Filter block shall be subject to inspection by thepurchaser or the purchasers representative. Inspection
29、shall bemade at the factory or promptly at the point and time ofdelivery. The purpose of this inspection is to determine whetherthe filter block meet the dimension, workmanship, appearance,and marking requirements of this specification.14.2 Filter block that do not meet the dimensions, work-manship,
30、 appearance, and marking specifications shall berejected and replaced by the manufacturer or seller with filterblocks that meet the specifications.14.3 If the purchaser desires compressive strength, absorp-tion, and acid resistance tests, the purchaser shall select filterblock for testing in accorda
31、nce with the sampling procedures ofthis specification. Ten days shall be allowed after sampling forcompletion of testing.14.4 The cost of initial inspection and testing shall be borneby the purchaser. The cost of retesting because of failure of thefilter block to pass the initial test shall be borne
32、 by themanufacturer.15. Certification15.1 When specified in the purchase order or contract, amanufacturers certification shall be furnished to the purchaserstating that the material was manufactured, sampled, tested,and inspected in accordance with this specification and hasbeen found to meet the re
33、quirements.Areport of the test resultsshall be furnished when required.C15906216. Product Marking16.1 Identification marks shall be indented legibly on theexterior of the filter block as follows:16.1.1 Manufacturers name and16.1.2 Type of filter block.17. Precision and Bias17.1 No statements are mad
34、e on the precision or bias of thetest methods for measuring compressive strength, absorptionpercentage, or acid resistance, (see Annexes) since conform-ance to specific criteria is the only measure for successspecified in these test methods.18. Keywords18.1 clay blocks; drains; filters; filter drain
35、age; media;media supports; support; trickling filters; underdrainsSUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTSThese requirements apply only to Federal/Military procurement, not domestic sales or transfers.S1. Government/Military ProcurementS1.1 Responsibility for InspectionUnless otherwise speci-fied in the contract
36、or purchase order, the producer is respon-sible for the performance of all inspection and test require-ments specified herein. The producer may use his own or anyother suitable facilities for the performance of the inspectionand test requirements specified herein, unless the purchaserdisapproves. Th
37、e purchaser shall have the right to perform anyof the inspections and tests set forth in this specification wheresuch inspections are deemed necessary to ensure that materialconforms to prescribed requirements.NOTE S1.1In U.S. Federal contracts, the contractor is responsible forinspection.S2. Packag
38、ing and Marking for U.S. GovernmentProcurement:S2.1 PackagingUnless otherwise specified in the con-tract, the materials shall be packaged in accordance with thesuppliers standard practice in a manner ensuring arrival atdestination in satisfactory condition and which will be accept-able to the carrie
39、r at lowest rates. Containers and packing shallcomply with Uniform Freight Classification rules or NationalMotor Freight Classification rules.S2.2 MarkingMarking for shipment shall be in accordancewith Fed. Std. No. 123 for civil agencies and MIL-STD-129 formilitary agencies.NOTE S2.1The inclusion o
40、f U.S. Government procurement require-ments should not be construed as an indication that the U.S. Governmentuses or endorses the products described in this document.ANNEXES(Mandatory Information)A1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTA1.1 Preparation of SpecimensA1.1.1 DryingDry the specimen at least 16 h in
41、 a venti-lated oven at a temperature between 230 and 240F (110 and115C) and until two successive weighings at intervals of notless than 3 h show a weight loss at any weighing not greaterthan 0.1 % of the original weight of the specimen.A1.2 Capping Test SpecimensA1.2.1 If the filter block surfaces t
42、hat will become bearingsurfaces during the compression test are recessed or paneled,fill the depressions with mortar composed of 1 part by weightof quick-hardening portland cement conforming to the require-ments of Type III cement of Specification C 150 and 2 parts byweight of sand before capping th
43、em. Where the depressionexceeds12 in. (13 mm), fill the depression with either a brickor tile slab section or a metal plate before applying the mortar.Cap the test specimens using the following procedures.A1.2.2 Coat the two opposite bearing surfaces of eachspecimen with shellac and allow to dry tho
44、roughly. Bed one ofthe dry shellacked surfaces of the specimen in a thin coat ofneat paste of calcined gypsum (plaster of paris) that has beenspread on an oiled nonabsorbent casting plate such as glass ormachined metal. The casting plate shall be a plane within 0.003in. (0.08 mm) in 16 in. (405 mm)
45、and sufficiently rigid andsupported that it will not deflect measurably during the cappingoperation. Repeat this procedure with the other shellackedsurface. Take care that the opposite bearing surfaces so formedwill be approximately parallel and perpendicular to the verticalaxis of the specimen and
46、that the thickness of the caps will beapproximately the same and not exceeding18 in. (3 mm). Agethe caps at least 24 h before testing the specimens.A1.3 ProcedureA1.3.1 Test the filter block specimens in a position such thatthe load is applied in the same direction as in service. Centerthe specimens
47、 under the spherical upper bearing within116 in.(1.6 mm).C159063A1.3.2 The testing machine shall conform to the require-ments of Practices E4.A1.3.3 The upper bearing shall be a spherically seated,hardened metal block firmly attached at the center of the upperhead of the machine. The center of the s
48、phere shall lie at thecenter of the surface of the block in contact with the specimen.The block shall be closely held in its spherical seat, but shall befree to turn in any direction, to allow for specimens whosebearing surfaces are not exactly parallel. The diameter of thebearing block surface shal
49、l be at least 5 in. (125 mm). Whenthe bearing area of the spherical bearing block is not sufficientto cover the area of the specimen, place a steel plate with athickness equal to at least one third of the distance from theedge of the spherical bearing to the most distant corner of thecapped specimen. Use a hardened metal bearing block beneaththe specimen to minimize wear of the lower platen of themachine. The bearing block surfaces intended for contact withthe specimen should have a hardness not less than 60 HRC(620 HB) and the surfaces shall not
