1、Designation: C1601 11C1601 14Standard Test Method forField Determination of Water Penetration of Masonry WallSurfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1601; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the field determination of water penetration of a masonry wall surface under specific w
3、ater flowrate and air pressure conditions. This test is intended for use on any masonry wall surface that can be properly instrumented andtested within the requirements of this standard.1.2 This test method is not identical to and the results are not the same as the laboratory standard Test Method E
4、514.1.3 This test method evaluates the surface water penetration, which is not the same as through-wall water penetration evaluatedby Test Method E514.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units tha
5、t are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, or equipment. This standard does not purport to address all ofthe safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to estab
6、lish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1232 Terminology of MasonryE514 Test Method for Water Penetration and Leakage Through Masonry3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 dampness, nv
7、isual change in the appearance of a material due to the presence of water.3.1.2 surface water penetration, nwater that passes through the exterior face of the masonry.3.1.3 through-wall water penetration, nsurface water that penetrates through a wall and exits the interior face of the masonry.3.1.4
8、water penetration, nwater that passes into or through the masonry.3.1.5 wind-driven rain, nrain water that is directed against the surface of the wall by wind.3.2 For additional definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology C1232.4. Significance and Use4.1 This non-destructive
9、test method contains procedures and equipment requirements to quantitatively determine the surfacepenetration of water at a single location on a masonry wall. It is not designed to determine the overall water penetration and leakageof a masonry system.4.2 Excessive water penetration of masonry may d
10、egrade masonry wall performance with respect to thermal conductivity,durability, efflorescence, staining, corrosion of embedded metal items, and water leakage.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommit
11、tee C15.04 on Research.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2011Feb. 1, 2014. Published January 2012February 2014. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20102011as C1601 10.C1601 11. DOI: 10.1520/C1601-11.10.1520/C1601-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, w
12、ww.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of w
13、hat changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered t
14、he official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.3 This test may be used to evaluate masonry walls in-situ or for field mock-up testing. Common app
15、lications of this methodhave been comparison of water penetration rates of walls before and after repairs, and testing the efficacy of coatings. Alternativeprocedures are also provided to simulate the effect of local climatology on water penetration of masonry wall surfaces.4.4 The outer surface of
16、all masonry walls will experience water penetration when subjected to wind-driven rain. The resistanceto water penetration is dependent on materials, workmanship, design, and maintenance. Some wall types accommodate largevolumes of water penetration, without deleterious effects, through the presence
17、 of properly designed and installed drainage systemsincluding flashing and weep holes. Use of this standard without consideration of the overall wall system may lead to incorrectconclusions regarding performance.4.5 It is the intent of this standard that a sheet of water be developed and maintained
18、on the wall surface during testing. In somecases, due to the surface texture of the masonry, the application of a coating, or other factors, a sheet of water will not consistentlyform. In those cases, results of this test method will likely be inaccurate.4.6 This test method is similar to but distin
19、ct from the laboratory Test Method E514. This field test method is designed to testin-situ walls. E514 laboratory test method is designed to test laboratory wall specimens. This test method determines waterpenetration of the masonry at its surface. Test Method E514 measures the water that has penetr
20、ated into and through the masonryspecimen and is collected. Results from Test Method C1601 and Test Method E514 are not the same.5. Apparatus5.1 Test ChamberUse a test chamber similar to that shown in Fig. 1. Provide a rectangular opening with a minimum area of12 ft2 (1.08 m2) with a minimum dimensi
21、on of 24 in. (0.6 m) for each side of the opening (Note 1). Seal the contact surface betweenthe frame of the chamber and the test area to prevent loss of water and maintain air pressure. Cover the face of the chamber witha tough, transparent material capable of withstanding the test pressure (Note 2
22、). Provide a 34-in. (19-mm) diameter,corrosion-resistant, water spray pipe with a single line of 0.04-in. (1.0-mm) diameter holes spaced 1 in. (25 mm) apart, startingwithin 1 in. (25 mm) of each end (Note 3). Position the water spray pipe within the chamber so that the water impinges the wallperpend
23、icular to the wall not more than 1.5 in. (40 mm) below the interior top of the test chamber.NOTE 1A size of 36 in. (0.9 m) wide and 48 in. (1.2 m) high is common.NOTE 2Transparent plastic sheets 316 to 14 inch (5 to 6 mm) thick have been shown to perform well. Plexiglas and Lexan are two products th
24、athave been used.NOTE 3Clean-outs at the end of the spray bar to facilitate cleaning the spray bar are common.FIG. 1 Water Surface Penetration Test SystemC1601 1425.2 Fixtures and Appurtenances to ChamberFixtures and appurtenances to the chamber include an air line with manometeror pressure gauge ab
25、le to read air pressure to within 0.50 lb/ft2 (24 Pa), a water line with valves, a flow meter in the water supplyline able to read flow within 0.02 gpm (4.5 L/h), and a water drain pipe at the bottom of the chamber. The water is stored in acalibrated reservoir with a minimum volume of 3 gal. (13 L),
26、 with graduations to allow readings within 0.015 gal (0.055 L) (Note4). Pump water from the reservoir to the spray bar. Return water which drains from the bottom of the chamber directly to thereservoir.NOTE 4Use of a cylindrical reservoir having dimensions of approximately 4 to 8 inches (100 to 200
27、mm) in diameter by 5 ft. (1.5 m) or taller iscommon.5.3 Other equipment includes devices for handling and mounting the chamber and measuring time, water quantities, andambient temperature.6. Hazards6.1 The use of this test method requires careful design of both air chamber and support of the wall sy
28、stem to avoid possibleinjury due to equipment or masonry failure. Assure that the chamber and its attachment to the wall are adequate for the appliedpressures during testing.6.2 Water penetration resulting from this test can cause saturation of adjacent materials and leakage into occupied spaces of
29、thebuildings. Take into consideration the effects of potential water infiltration and leakage.7. Procedure7.1 Mounting ChamberAttach the test chamber with mechanical fasteners using sufficient pressure to form an air- andwater-resistant seal (Note 5).NOTE 5Use of a gasket or sealant at the contact s
30、urface is common.7.2 SealingIf needed, apply a perimeter sealant between the chamber and wall surface to ensure that leakage does not occurat the interface. Allow the sealant to cure sufficiently to ensure adequate bond and water resistance.7.3 Standard Test ConditionsPerform this test using a water
31、 flow rate of 3.4 gal/ft2/h (138 L/m2/h) and an air pressure of 10lb/ft2 (500 Pa). The test duration shall be not less than 4 h after the preconditioning period.7.3.1 Application of Air Pressure and Water FlowAdjust the water flow rate to 3.4 gal/ft2/h (138 L/m2/h) times the area ofthe chamber openi
32、ng. Simultaneously, increase the air pressure within the chamber to 10 lb/ft2 (500 Pa). Check for leakage fromthe perimeter of the chamber. If leakage occurs, stop the test, reseal, and re-start the procedure.7.3.2 PreconditioningMaintain the water flow rate and pressure specified in 7.3 for 30 min
33、prior to starting the test.7.4 During the test, note the flow pattern of the water over the masonry surface. If a complete sheet of water is observed, reportit as “sheet flow”. If the water runs down the surface in patterned or random rivuleted streams or in any other manner that leavesportions of t
34、he wall surface un-wetted, report it as “incomplete sheet flow” and document the pattern of flow with sketches drawnto scale. Monitor the water flow pattern during the testing and report any changes.NOTE 6It is the intent of this standard that a sheet of water be developed and maintained on the wall
35、 surface during testing. In some cases, due tothe surface texture of the masonry, the application of a coating, or other factors, a sheet of water will not consistently form. In those cases, results of thistest method will likely be inaccurate.7.5 Alternate Test ConditionsSpecial condition testing s
36、pecified to model different water flow rates or chamber air pressuresare acceptable. Procedures for specifying the testing parameters using local climatological data are provided in 7.5.1 and 7.5.2.NOTE 7Pre-conditioning is not required and is often not desirable when using alternative test conditio
37、ns, as initial data from the start of the waterflow and air pressure may be useful.7.5.1 Testing Parameter Determination Using Local Weather DataThis procedure utilizes local weather data (wind speedsand rainfall intensity) to produce testing parameters (water flow rate, air pressure, and duration o
38、f test) for water chamber testingof vertical surfaces. The conversion is accomplished using a numerical approach. The weather data can be obtained from varioussources, including the National Climatological Data Center. This procedure does not address the methods used to select weatherdata nor does i
39、t address the significance of using those data in chamber testing.7.5.2 Water Flow Rates and Air Pressures7.5.2.1 Determine the angle of rainfall, , for each time period using wind speed, rainfall intensity, and interpolating usingvalues in Table 1. A time period is the length of time over which the
40、 water and air pressures are held constant. A test may consistof one or more time periods.7.5.2.2 Calculate water flow rate for each period using:Q050.0104 Itan A (1)where:Q0 = water flow rate (gpm)C1601 143I = rainfall intensity (in/h) = rainfall angle, measured from vertical (degrees)A = area of t
41、est chamber opening (ft2)The flow rate, Q0, shall not be less than that required to produce streams of water from the spray bar which impact the surfaceof the test area.7.5.2.3 Determine the air pressure for each period:P050.00256V2 (2)where:P0 = air pressure (lb/ft2)V = wind speed (mph)7.5.3 Durati
42、on of Test7.5.3.1 Real-Time Tests: Use the time duration of the weather data to be simulated, water flow rates and air pressures for eachperiod within the duration as determined in 7.5.2.2 and 7.5.2.3.7.5.3.2 Compressed Time Tests: Use shorter time periods than actual weather data and modified water
43、 flow rates and airpressures based on the shortened periods. Determine the flow rate for each period using:Q 5Q0 D0D (3)where:Q = water flow rate (gpm)Q0 = the water flow rate from Eq 1 (gpm)D = the duration to be used for the test (h)D0 = the duration of weather data to be simulated (h)Determine ai
44、r pressure for each period using:P 5P0 SD0D D2(4)where:P = air pressure (lb/ft2)P0 = the air pressure from Eq 2 (lb/ft2)7.5.3.2.1The test pressure, P, shall not exceed that capacity of the chamber and its anchorage to the wall.7.5.3.3 For tests involving multiple compressed time periods, maintain th
45、e same number of periods for the compressed test asfor the weather data to be simulated.7.5.3.4 Check for leakage from the perimeter of the chamber. If leakage occurs, stop the test, reseal, and re-start the procedure.8. Record of ObservationsMake observations and measurements during the pre-conditi
46、oning and each test period as follows:8.1 Record the initial water flow rate, air pressure within the chamber, and water level within the reservoir at the beginning ofthe test after the specified preconditioning period.8.2 Report the water flow pattern as described in 7.4.TABLE 1 Angle of Rainfall,
47、, in Degrees Measured from Vertical, for Selected Wind Speeds and Rainfall IntensitiesWindSpeed, V(mph)Rainfall Intensity, / (in/h)WindSpeed, V(mph)Rainfall Intensity, / (in/h)0.01 0.04 0.16 0.60 1.60 4.00 10.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01.5 41.3 19.2 9.9 7.2 5.5 4.2 3.93 60.8 34.6 19.3 14.2 10.8
48、8.4 7.85 71.7 48.8 30.1 22.9 17.6 13.9 12.97.5 77.7 59.7 40.9 32.2 25.4 20.3 18.910 80.9 66.6 49.2 40.1 32.3 26.3 24.515 83.8 73.6 59.7 51.2 43.2 36.3 34.220 85.4 77.7 66.6 59.1 51.5 44.4 42.225 86.4 80.2 71.0 64.6 57.6 50.9 48.635 87.4 82.9 76.0 71.0 65.3 59.5 57.550 88.1 85.0 80.0 76.4 72.1 67.5 6
49、5.875 88.8 86.6 83.3 80.7 77.7 74.4 73.2C1601 1448.3 Record the water level in the reservoir, air pressure, and water flow rate at the beginning of, at the end of, and at 5-minute(maximum) intervals throughout each test period.8.4 Record the amount and time at which water is added to replenish the reservoir. Simultaneously, record the new water levelwith each addition of water to the reservoir.8.5 Note and photograph visible lateral and vertical migration of dampness outside the chamber. Note leakage from adjacentareas. Note signs of interior mo
