1、Designation: C1696 14C1696 14aStandard Guide forIndustrial Thermal Insulation Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1696; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information on selection of insulation materials, systems design, application methods, protectivecoverings, guarantees, inspec
3、tion, testing, and maintenance of thermal insulation primarily for industrial applications in atemperature range of -320 to 1200F (-195.5 to 648.8C).1.2 This guide is intended to provide practical guidelines, by applying acceptable current practice while indicating the basicprinciples by which new m
4、aterials can be assessed and adapted for use under widely differing conditions. Design engineers, thegeneral contractors, the fabricators, and the insulation contractors will find this guide helpful.1.3 Although some insulation system designs can serve as fire protection, this guide does not address
5、 the criteria specific to thatneed. API 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems is recommended as a reference for fire protection. Thisguide will however address the fire properties of insulation materials.1.4 This guide is not intended for commercial, architectural, acoustical, ma
6、rine, vehicle transport, or military use.1.5 This guide does not address insulation system design for refractory linings or cold boxes whereby these are typicallypackage units and of a proprietary insulation design.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values
7、given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to estab
8、lish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A167 Specification for Stainless and Heat-Resisting Chromium-Nickel Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip (Withdrawn 2014)3A240/A240M Specification fo
9、r Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip for Pressure Vessels andfor General ApplicationsA653/A653M Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed) by theHot-Dip ProcessA792/A792M Specification for Steel Sheet, 55 % Alumi
10、num-Zinc Alloy-Coated by the Hot-Dip ProcessB209 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and PlateC165 Test Method for Measuring Compressive Properties of Thermal InsulationsC168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationC177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Therma
11、l Transmission Properties by Means of theGuarded-Hot-Plate ApparatusC195 Specification for Mineral Fiber Thermal Insulating CementC203 Test Methods for Breaking Load and Flexural Properties of Block-Type Thermal InsulationC209 Test Methods for Cellulosic Fiber Insulating BoardC240 Test Methods of Te
12、sting Cellular Glass Insulation Block1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.40 on Insulation Systems.Current edition approved April 1, 2014Sept. 1, 2014. Published May 2014October 2014. Originally approv
13、ed in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 20132014 asC169613b.14. DOI: 10.1520/C169614.10.1520/C169614A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the stand
14、ards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version
15、. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International,
16、 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1C272 Test Method for Water Absorption of Core Materials for Structural Sandwich ConstructionsC302 Test Method for Density and Dimensions of Preformed Pipe-Covering-Type Thermal InsulationC303 Test Method for Dimensi
17、ons and Density of Preformed Block and BoardType Thermal InsulationC335 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Transfer Properties of Pipe InsulationC351 Test Method for Mean Specific Heat of Thermal Insulation (Withdrawn 2008)3C354 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Thermal Insulating or Finishing
18、Cement (Withdrawn 2002)3C356 Test Method for Linear Shrinkage of Preformed High-Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to Soaking HeatC411 Test Method for Hot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature Thermal InsulationC446 Test Method for Breaking Load and Calculated Modulus of Rupture of Preformed
19、 Insulation for Pipes (Withdrawn 2002)3C447 Practice for Estimating the Maximum Use Temperature of Thermal InsulationsC449 Specification for Mineral Fiber Hydraulic-Setting Thermal Insulating and Finishing CementC450 Practice for Fabrication of Thermal Insulating Fitting Covers for NPS Piping, and V
20、essel LaggingC518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter ApparatusC533 Specification for Calcium Silicate Block and Pipe Thermal InsulationC534 Specification for Preformed Flexible Elastomeric Cellular Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular Form
21、C547 Specification for Mineral Fiber Pipe InsulationC552 Specification for Cellular Glass Thermal InsulationC553 Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation for Commercial and Industrial ApplicationsC578 Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene Thermal InsulationC591 Specificatio
22、n for Unfaced Preformed Rigid Cellular Polyisocyanurate Thermal InsulationC592 Specification for Mineral Fiber Blanket Insulation and Blanket-Type Pipe Insulation (Metal-Mesh Covered) (IndustrialType)C610 Specification for Molded Expanded Perlite Block and Pipe Thermal InsulationC612 Specification f
23、or Mineral Fiber Block and Board Thermal InsulationC665 Specification for Mineral-Fiber Blanket Thermal Insulation for Light Frame Construction and Manufactured HousingC680 Practice for Estimate of the Heat Gain or Loss and the Surface Temperatures of Insulated Flat, Cylindrical, and SphericalSystem
24、s by Use of Computer ProgramsC692 Test Method for Evaluating the Influence of Thermal Insulations on External Stress Corrosion Cracking Tendency ofAustenitic Stainless SteelC764 Specification for Mineral Fiber Loose-Fill Thermal InsulationC795 Specification for Thermal Insulation for Use in Contact
25、with Austenitic Stainless SteelC800 Specification for Fibrous Glass Blanket Insulation (Aircraft Type)C871 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Thermal Insulation Materials for Leachable Chloride, Fluoride, Silicate, andSodium IonsC1029 Specification for Spray-Applied Rigid Cellular Polyurethane Th
26、ermal InsulationC1055 Guide for Heated System Surface Conditions that Produce Contact Burn InjuriesC1057 Practice for Determination of Skin Contact Temperature from Heated Surfaces Using a Mathematical Model andThermesthesiometerC1104/C1104M Test Method for Determining the Water Vapor Sorption of Un
27、faced Mineral Fiber InsulationC1126 Specification for Faced or Unfaced Rigid Cellular Phenolic Thermal InsulationC1139 Specification for Fibrous Glass Thermal Insulation and Sound Absorbing Blanket and Board for Military ApplicationsC1289 Specification for Faced Rigid Cellular Polyisocyanurate Therm
28、al Insulation BoardC1393 Specification for Perpendicularly Oriented Mineral Fiber Roll and Sheet Thermal Insulation for Pipes and TanksC1427 Specification for Extruded Preformed Flexible Cellular Polyolefin Thermal Insulation in Sheet and Tubular FormC1511 Test Method for Determining the Water Reten
29、tion (Repellency) Characteristics of Fibrous Glass Insulation (AircraftType)C1559 Test Method for Determining Wicking of Fibrous Glass Blanket Insulation (Aircraft Type)C1729 Specification for Aluminum Jacketing for InsulationC1617 Practice for Quantitative Accelerated Laboratory Evaluation of Extra
30、ction Solutions Containing Ions Leached fromThermal Insulation on Aqueous Corrosion of MetalsD1621 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Cellular PlasticsD1622 Test Method for Apparent Density of Rigid Cellular PlasticsD2126 Test Method for Response of Rigid Cellular Plastics to Thermal an
31、d Humid AgingD2842 Test Method for Water Absorption of Rigid Cellular PlasticsD3574 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular MaterialsSlab, Bonded, and Molded Urethane FoamsE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building MaterialsE96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materi
32、alsE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750CC1696 14a2E176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE659 Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Liquid ChemicalsE2652 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Tube Furnace with a Cone-shaped Airflow Stabilizer, at 750C2.2
33、 API Standard:API 521 Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems42.3 NACE Standard:SP0198 Standard PracticeThe Control of Corrosion Under Thermal Insulation and Fireproofing MaterialsA SystemApproach52.4 NFPA Standards:6NFPA 49 Hazardous Chemicals DataNFPA 90A Standard for the Installatio
34、n of Air Conditioning and Ventilating SystemsNFPA 259 Standard Test Method for Potential Heat of Building Materials2.5 Federal Standard:40 CFR 60 Protection of EnvironmentStandards of Performance for New Stationary Sources73. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology C168 is recommended to provide defin
35、itions and information on symbols, units, and abbrevia-tions of terms used inASTM standards pertaining to thermal insulation materials and materials associated with them. TerminologyE176 is recommended to provide terms and standard definitions for fire standards. Any term used in this guide that is
36、not definedin Terminology C168 or E176 will be defined in the section in which the term is used.3.2 Acronyms and Abbreviations:3.2.1 ACMasbestos-containing materials3.2.2 ACTautoignition temperature3.2.3 ASJall service jacket3.2.4 CPVCchlorinated polyvinyl chloride3.2.5 DFTdry film thickness3.2.6 EP
37、AEnvironmental Protection Agency3.2.7 FRPfiberglass-reinforced plastic3.2.8 FSI/SDIflame spread index/smoke developed index3.2.9 MSDSmaterial safety data sheet3.2.10 NAIMANorth American Insulation Manufacturers Association3.2.11 NDTnondestructive testing3.2.12 NFPANational Fire Protection Associatio
38、n3.2.13 OSHAOccupational Safety and Health Administration3.2.14 PVCpolyvinyl chloride3.2.15 QA/QCquality assurance/quality control3.2.16 SSstainless steel3.2.17 UVultraviolet3.2.18 WVTwater vapor transmission4. Significance and Use4.1 When choosing a thermal insulation product or combination of prod
39、ucts, physical, chemical and mechanical properties andthe significance of those properties should be considered. ASTM test methods are usually performed under laboratory conditionsand may not accurately represent field conditions depending on process temperature, environment, and operating condition
40、s.Performance results obtained using ASTM test methods can be used to determine compliance of materials to specifications but donot necessarily predict installed performance. Values stated in the ASTM material standards are those that apply to the majorityof materials and not to any specific product
41、; other tested values may exist for specific material applications.4.2 Design of thermal insulation systems requires the understanding of process requirements, temperature control, heat losscriteria, control of thermal shock, and mechanical forces on insulation generated by thermal gradients and win
42、d environmentalconditions. Sometimes, the mechanical design of piping and equipment needs to be modified to support insulation adequately andprovide for insulation weatherproofing. Process requirements may dictate the control of critical temperature to prevent freezing,maintain viscosity, or minimiz
43、e internal corrosion. When handling heat transfer fluids such as ethylene oxide or hot oils, theselection of insulation materials and the insulation system design becomes critical. whereby If these fluids are absorb in insulation4 Available from American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L. St., NW, W
44、ashington, DC 20005-4070, http:/www.api.org.5 Available from NACE International (NACE), 1440 South Creek Dr., Houston, TX 77084-4906, http:/www.nace.org.6 Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.7 Available from the U
45、.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capital St., NW, Washington, DC 20402-0001.C1696 14a3materials, the fluid flash point could be below the fluid operating temperature. Specified heat gain or heat loss and acceptablesurface temperatures could also dictate thermal des
46、ign of insulation systems. Environmental corrosivity, high wind, and extremeambient temperatures affect the selection of weatherproofing and methods of its securement. A combination of these factors playsa significant role in the selection of insulation materials and application methods to provide l
47、ong-lasting trouble-free service.4.3 Application methods are generally defined by the purchasers specifications. However, some specialty insulation systems,such as prefabricated insulation panels for ductwork, precipitators, and tanks, will also have supplemental installation requirementsspecified b
48、y the insulation system manufacturer. defined by the specification of the manufacturer.4.4 In any application of thermal insulation, the insulation requires protection of some type, be it protection from the elementssuch as rain, snow, sleet, wind, ultraviolet solar radiation, protection from extern
49、al forces that can cause mechanical damage, vaporpassage, fire, chemical attack, or any combination of these.This protection can be provided in by metal, plastic, coated or laminatedcomposites or both, mastic coatings, or a combination of the above depending upon the application, service, and economicrequirements. Considering the enormous overall cost of a new facility, and comparing the initial cost of the insulated portion asa small percentage of that overall cost with the substantially increased operating cost as a result of inefficient insul
