1、Designation: C182 88 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Test Method forThermal Conductivity of Insulating Firebrick1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C182; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method supplements Test Method C201, andshall be used in conjunction with that test method to determinethe thermal
3、 conductivity of insulating firebrick.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address a
4、ll of thesafety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C155 Classification
5、 of Insulating FirebrickC201 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of RefractoriesE220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples ByComparison Techniques3. Significance and Use3.1 The thermal conductivity of insulating firebrick (IFB) isa property required for the selection of IFB for a specificthe
6、rmal performance. Users select brick to provide a specifiedheat-loss and cold-face temperature without exceeding thetemperature limitation of the brick. This test method estab-lishes placement of thermocouples and the positioning of testsamples in the calorimeter. This test method must be used withT
7、est Method C201.4. Apparatus4.1 The apparatus shall consist of that described in theApparatus section of Test Method C201 with the addition ofthermocouples, drilling jig, and refractory fiber paper asdescribed in Sections 6 and 7.5. Test Sample5.1 The test sample shall be selected and prepared asdes
8、cribed in the Test Sample and Preparation section of TestMethod C201.6. Installation of Thermocouples in Test Specimen6.1 ThermocouplesCalibrated3thermocouples shall beembedded in the test specimen at three points for measuring thetemperature. Chromel-Alumel thermocouples shall be used fortemperatur
9、es below 1400F (760C), and above that tempera-ture platinum-10 % rhodium/platinum thermocouples shall beused. The platinum thermocouples may also be used at thelower temperatures, but the electromotive force (emf) will notbe as high as when using base-metal thermocouples. Wire ofAWG 28 (0.320 mm) sh
10、all be used for making either type ofthermocouple.6.2 Installation of Thermocouples Holes for the thermo-couple wires shall be drilled through the 412-in. (114-mm)dimension of the test specimen by the use of a drilling jig so asto obtain accurate placement of the thermocouples. The threethermocouple
11、s shall be located so that the hot junction of thefirst couple is 0.20 in. (5.1 mm) below the hot face of the testspecimen, the junction of the second at the midpoint, and thejunction of the third 0.20 in. above the cold face. Thethermocouple wires leading out from the hot junctions shall belocated
12、in planes parallel to the calorimeter surface. In order tohave the hot junctions over the center of the calorimeter, theyshall be located on an axis passing through the center of and atright angles to the 9 by 412-in. (228 by 114-mm) area of the testspecimen.NOTE 1Insulating firebrick that cannot be
13、 prepared to this precisionbecause of the structure of the product, should be prepared in accordancewith the instructions for fireclay dense refractories.7. Set-Up of Test Sample and Silicon Carbide Slab7.1 Two strips of refractory fiber paper 1312 by12 by 0.02in. (343 by 13 by 0.5 mm) shall be plac
14、ed along the 1312-in.dimension of the inner guard at the outside edges, as shown in1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.02 on ThermalProperties.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2013. Published September
15、 2013. Originallyapproved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C182 88 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/C0182-88R13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to
16、 the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Method E220 specifies calibration procedures for thermocouples.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Fig. 1. Twelve strips of refractory fiber paper 2 by12 by 0.02in.
17、(51 by 13 by 0.5 mm) shall be placed on the outer guard atintervals in the pattern shown in Fig. 1. These strips serve asspacers to prevent contact between the test material and thecalorimeter assembly. The test specimen shall be placedcentrally over the center of the calorimeter section on its 9 by
18、412-in. (228 by 114-mm) face, the guard brick placed at thesides of the test specimen so as to completely cover thecalorimeter and inner guard area, and the soap brick placedaround the edge of the three brick so as to completely cover thecalorimeter assembly. The small space between the furnacewalls
19、 and the test brick assembly shall be filled with agranulated insulating firebrick.7.2 When testing Group 28, 30, 32, or 33 insulatingfirebrick, it may be desirable to obtain test results at highermean temperatures than is possible with the sample set-updescribed in 7.1. This can be accomplished by
20、placing a 0.5-in.(13-mm) thick layer of ceramic fiber-block insulation or 0.5 in.of Group 20 insulating firebrick between the calorimeter areaand the test sample. Sufficient material is required to cover anarea 18 by 1312 in. (456 by 342 mm). The solid sheet ofback-up insulation shall be ground so a
21、s to provide surfacesthat are plane and do not vary from parallel by more than60.01 in. (0.3 mm). This shall be placed on the refractory fiberstrips described in 7.1. Additional refractory fiber strips, in anidentical pattern, shall be placed on top of the ceramic fiberboard. The test specimen and g
22、uard brick shall then be placedas described in 7.1.7.3 The silicon carbide slab shall be placed over the 9 by1312-in. (228 by 342-mm) area of the three 9-in. sample brick,and it shall be spaced 1 in. (25 mm) above the sample byplacing under each corner of the slab rectangular pieces ofGroup 30 or 32
23、 (see Classification C155) insulating firebrickcut to measure38 in. (10 mm) square and 1.00 in. (25.4 mm)in length.8. Procedure8.1 Place the heating chamber in position, start the waterflowing through the calorimeter assembly, and supply thecurrent to the heating unit. Above a temperature of 1470F(8
24、00C), the furnace atmosphere shall contain a minimum of0.5 % oxygen with zero % combustibles. Take the atmospheresample from the furnace chamber proper, preferably as near thetest specimen as possible. Maintain the rate of water flowthrough the calorimeter between 120 and 200 g/min, anddetermine by
25、weighing the quantity of water collected during ameasured time period. The mass of water collected shall be notless than 200 g and shall be weighed to an accuracy of 60.5 g.The rate of flow shall be constant within6 1 % during the testperiod.8.2 Allow the furnace to reach a condition of steady state
26、 ofheat flow (test period), which shall be that condition when themeasured flow of heat into the calorimeter varies less than 2 %over a 2-h period, during which time the temperature differencebetween the calorimeter and inner guard has not been morethan 0.05F (0.03C), the hot face of the test specim
27、en has notvaried more than 65F (63C), and the temperature of thewater entering the calorimeter has not varied at a rate of morethan 1F (0.5C)/h (Note 2). Usually, 12 h or more are neededto obtain a balance with the apparatus after a definite change ismade in the hot-face temperature.NOTE 2Significan
28、t errors will result if the tolerances specified areexceeded.8.3 After the steady state of heat flow has been reached,measure the temperature of the test specimen, the rate of waterflow through the calorimeter, and the temperature rise of thewater flowing through the calorimeter. Take at least four
29、sets ofreadings (Note 3) at approximately 30-min intervals during the2-h holding period, and average these for the final values forthat particular heating chamber temperature. Obtain such datawhen the heating chamber is maintained at the temperaturesrecommended in Table 1. Temperatures other than th
30、ose givenin the table may be used to obtain additional information.NOTE 3From these data a preliminary thermal conductivity calcula-tion may be made, using estimated distances between thermocouplejunctions in the test specimen.8.4 At the conclusion of the test, remove the specimen andcut it in two,
31、close to the thermocouple junctions. Then grindthe specimen to expose the hot junctions, and measure thedistance between their center lines to the nearest 0.01 in. (0.3mm). If upon being cut in two the test specimen showsabnormal internal voids or cracks, state this fact in the report,as the results
32、 will not be representative of the material.9. Record of Test Data, Calculations, and Report9.1 The record of test data, the calculations, and the reportshall be made in accordance with the Record of Test Data,Calculation, and Report sections of Test Method C201.FIG. 1 Arrangement of Refractory Fibe
33、r-Paper Strips in Calorim-eter AssemblageC182 88 (2013)210. Precision and Bias10.1 Refer to Test Method C201 for a statement of precisionand bias.11. Keywords11.1 calorimeter; insulating firebrick; refractories; thermalconductivityASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any p
34、atent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revisi
35、on at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your co
36、mments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrigh
37、ted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e
38、-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE 1 Heating Chamber TemperatureGroupNumberBulk Density NotGreater Than,Recommended Temperatures for Control Points, F (C)lb/ft3g/cm3L
39、ow Medium High16 34 0.54 900 (480) . . . 1600 (870)20 40 0.64 900 (480) 1400 (760) 2000 (1095)24 48 0.77 900 (480) 1500 (815) 2300 (1260)26 54 0.86 900 (480) 1650 (900) 2600 (1425)28 60 0.96 900 (480) 1750 (955) 2800 (1540)30 68 1.09 900 (480) 1750 (955) 2800 (1540)32 95 1.52 900 (480) 1750 (955) 2800 (1540)33 95 1.52 900 (480) 1750 (955) 2800 (1540)C182 88 (2013)3
