1、Designation: C1872 181Standard Test Method forThermogravimetric Analysis of Hydraulic Cement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1872; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A nu
2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEAdded research report footnote to Section 14 editorially in May 2013.1. Scope1.1 This test method provides a technique incorporating athermograv
3、imetric analyzer to determine the mass changes ofhydraulic cement upon heating in an inert gas environment.The data can be used to determine the abundance of somemineralogical components in hydraulic cement powders.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regardedas standard. No other units
4、of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This test method is applicable to hydraulic cementpowders.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, h
5、ealth, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 WarningFresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures arecaustic and may cause burns to skin and tissue upon prolongedexposure. The use of gloves, protective clothing, and eyeprotection is recommend
6、ed. Wash contact area with copiousamounts of water after contact. Wash eyes for a minimum of15 min. Avoid exposure of the body to clothing saturated withthe liquid phase of the unhardened material. Remove contami-nated clothing immediately after exposure.1.6 This international standard was developed
7、 in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Document
8、s2.1 ASTM Standards:C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of HydraulicCementC219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic CementC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsE473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-ologyE691 Practice for
9、Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE1131 Test Method for Compositional Analysis by Thermo-gravimetryE1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical PropertiesE1582 Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Thermo-gravimetric AnalyzersE1868 Test Methods for Lo
10、ss-On-Drying by Thermogravi-metryE2040 Test Method for Mass Scale Calibration of Thermo-gravimetric AnalyzersE2402 Test Method for Mass Loss and Residue Measure-ment Validation of Thermogravimetric Analyzers3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Technical terms used in this guide are defined inTerminol
11、ogies C219, E473, E1142.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Thermogravimetric analysis of cement is performed bycontinuously monitoring mass changes of a hydraulic cementpowder specimen, in an environment with a controlled atmo-sphere as the test temperature is increased at a constant rate.Mass loss over s
12、pecific temperature ranges and in a specificatmosphere can be used to supplement the compositionalanalysis of the cement by providing estimates of the massfraction of certain mineral constituents.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is intended for use in acquiring,analyzing, and reporting th
13、ermogravimetric data obtained fromhydraulic cement powders.5.2 This test method can be used to determine the calciumcarbonate content of cements with interground limestone if thecalcium carbonate content of the limestone is known.5.3 This test method can be used to determine the calciumhydroxide con
14、tent of hydraulic cement powder.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Cementand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.23 on CompositionalAnalysis.Current edition approved May 15, 2018. Published June 2018. DOI: 10.1520/C1872-18E01.Copyright ASTM Internationa
15、l, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides
16、and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.15.4 This test method can be used to determine the mass lossupon heating hydraulic cement powders within a specifictemperature range.5.5 This test method can be used for qualitative and quan-titati
17、ve characterization, under certain conditions, of varioussulfate mineral components including calcium sulfatedihydrate, calcium sulfate hemihydrate, and syngenite.5.6 Different kinds of thermogravimetric analyzers areavailable with different configurations and controllers.Therefore, the parameters d
18、escribed should be considered asguidelines. They may be altered to conform to the instrumentmanufacturers instructions, provided the changes are noted inthe report.6. Interferences6.1 This test method depends upon distinctive thermalstability ranges of the determined components as a principle ofthe
19、test. Materials that have no well-defined thermally stablerange, or that have thermal stability ranges that are the same asother components in the cement, may create interferences.Particular examples include the following:6.1.1 Calcium silicate hydrate gel (C-S-H) releases physi-cally and chemically
20、 bound water over a continuous and broadtemperature range, typically 100 to 600C, and may beobserved even in nominally unhydrated cement powders thathave been stored in humid conditions. In specimens of partiallyhydrated cement paste, the continuous release of water byC-S-H upon heating can interfer
21、e with the measurement ofmass loss by other decomposing minerals within that tempera-ture range, such as hydrated calcium sulfates and portlandite.6.1.2 In unhydrated cement powders, the conversion ofgypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate) to calcium sulfate hemi-hydrate occurs over a temperature range,
22、100 to 200C, that isclose to that of the subsequent decomposition of hemihydrateto anhydrite (calcium sulfate). The two sources of mass loss aredifficult to distinguish when using an open sample container,but can be separated better by covering the container with a lidhaving a narrow slit or hole fo
23、r escape of vapors.6.2 Heating rate can influence the temperature at which thedecomposition of a component is detected, as well as thetemperature at which that component reaches its maximum rateof decomposition, identified readily by a peak in the firstderivative of the thermogravimetric data with r
24、espect totemperature (see Fig. 1). A difference in heating rate of5C/min can change the peak temperature by as much as 50C.However, heating rates between 5 and 15C/min have anegligible influence on the total mass loss accompanying agiven decomposition event.7. Apparatus7.1 Thermogravimetric analyzer
25、 with a microbalance, tem-perature controller, and data collection device, and gas flowcontrol device all complying with the requirements of TestMethod E1131, Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry.7.1.1 Containers (pans, lids, and so forth), for holding thespecimen must be dimensionally stable
26、and chemically inertwith respect to cementitious components within the tempera-ture limits of this method.7.1.1.1 Aluminum oxide is suitably inert with respect tohydraulic cement to be used for containers and lids at tempera-tures exceeding 600C or when the lid need not be sealed to thepan.7.1.1.2 A
27、luminum is a suitable material for measurementsof the calcium sulfate hydrates and other components attemperatures less than 600C, which require the pan and lid tobe sealed with only a small slit or pinhole to allow escape ofvapors.7.1.1.3 Platinum pans can be used for analyses from ambi-ent tempera
28、ture up to 1200C7.1.1.4 Pans and lids can be obtained from the manufacturerof the thermogravimetric analyzer or from a vendor recom-mended by the manufacturer.FIG. 1 Sample Thermogravimetric Curve for Unhydrated Portland CementC1872 18128. Reagents and Materials8.1 An inert compressed gas is require
29、d for this method.High-purity nitrogen gas (99.99 % N2) is sufficient. High-purity argon or helium are also acceptable.9. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units9.1 Cement powders are normally analyzed as soon aspossible after being received because they will tend to absorbmoisture and react with c
30、arbon dioxide over time. Measuringan as-received sample provides a baseline against whichsubsequent measurements can be compared to assess thedegree of aging.9.2 Typical sample masses will depend on the instrumentbeing used and on the specific minerals of interest. Dependingon the instrument being u
31、sed, measurement of calciumhydroxide, syngenite, and calcium carbonate typically requireabout 50 mg of cement powder, while determination of cal-cium sulfate hydrate content in cement often require about100 mg of powder. Refer to the manufacturers instructions forguidance on the optimum mass of samp
32、le.10. Calibration10.1 Calibrate the mass signal from the apparatus accordingto Test Method E2040.10.2 Calibrate the temperature signal from the apparatusaccording to Test Method E1582.11. Procedure11.1 Turn on the flow of the inert gas and establish its flowrate.NOTE 1The appropriate flow rate depe
33、nds on the type of instrumentbeing used. For example, instruments with small horizontal tube furnacestypically operate with a gas flow rate of 50 mL min. Refer to themanufacturers instructions for guidance on the appropriate flow rate.11.2 Open the apparatus and load the reference and emptysample pa
34、ns. Close the apparatus.11.3 Zero the mass signal with the reference and samplepans in place.11.4 Open the apparatus to expose the specimen holder.11.5 Prepare the specimen as outlined in Section 9 andcarefully place it in the specimen holder, if this was not alreadydone as part of the sample condit
35、ions described in Section 9.11.6 Close the apparatus.11.7 Record the initial mass after any sample conditioningalready described.11.8 Initiate the user specified temperature program andcollect the data of mass and mass change versus time andtemperature. Table 1 provides typical measurement parameter
36、s.Consult the manufacturers instructions to determine optimumparameters for a specific thermogravimetric analyzer.11.8.1 The mass loss profile shall be expressed in absolutemass units of milligrams or grams. Expanded scale operationmay be useful over selected temperature ranges.NOTE 2Some instrument
37、 software may default to a normalized masspercentage scale based on the original sample mass. Absolute mass lossprofiles can be recovered from a percentage scale if the original mass isknown.11.8.2 If only one or two components of the compositionalanalysis are desired, specific, more limited tempera
38、ture rangesmay be used. Similarly, several heating rates may be usedduring analysis in those regions of greater or lesser interest.11.9 The analysis is complete when a state of constant massis obtained at the maximum temperature of interest.11.10 Calculate and report the sample composition (seeSecti
39、ons 12 and 13).12. Calculation and Interpretation of Results12.1 Table 2 shows the typical temperature ranges fordecomposition reactions in an open pan for common compo-nents of unhydrated cement. The temperature ranges reflectaverages of those reported in several studies, and are dependenton heatin
40、g rate. In general, lower rates of heating will causedecomposition onset temperatures to be lower.12.2 Quantitative Determination of Individual Components:12.2.1 The mass percentage of any solid component listedin Table 2 can be determined from the mass lost by thatcomponent upon its thermal decompo
41、sition.12.2.2 Each mineral component thermally decomposes overa characteristic temperature range. Approximate minimumtemperature X and maximum temperature Y for each compo-nent are indicated in Table 2.12.2.3 For some components such as calcium hydroxide,calcium sulfate hemihydrate, or syngenite, ma
42、ss loss occursover a relatively narrow temperature range. Other componentsthat may be present due to significant prehydration effects,such as C-S-H gel, lose mass over a wide temperature rangeand therefore contribute to uncertainty in attributing a massloss value to a particular mineral. Normally th
43、e steps areinterpreted as a change in mass before and after the effect, sothe corresponding “baseline” is horizontal. Sometimes rela-tively sharp decomposition steps occur during the decomposi-tion process. This baseline drift, possibly due to mass loss byTABLE 1 Suggested Compositional Analysis Par
44、ametersSpecimen Sample Size, mgFlow RatemL/minAPurge TimeminTemperature C Heating RateC/minInitial MaximumUnhydrated Cement 50 50 10 25 1000 10Calcium Sulfate Hydrates orSyngenite100 50 10 25 500 10AMay differ depending on instrument design.C1872 1813minerals such as C-S-H gel, may be accommodated b
45、yconstructing tangent lines to the baseline at the onset andtermination of the main mass loss signal, marking the point atwhich the tangent lines depart from the curve as the onset andterminating temperatures Tiand Tf, respectively, and assigningthe mass difference m=m(Ti)m(Tf) as the mass loss duet
46、o the component in question. Calculating and plotting thederivative of the mass loss with respect to temperature may behelpful both in identifying reaction onset/completion tempera-tures and in delineating the baseline drift.12.2.4 The mass percentage of a particular component witha narrow decomposi
47、tion temperature range may be calculatedon an original mass basis, assuming that the component isstoichiometric and pure, by using the following equation:P 5MmCmO3100 (1)where:P = mass percent of component in the original powder,M = molar mass of pure stoichiometric component in Table2 (g/mol),m = v
48、ertical distance between upper and lower tangentlines, as shown in Fig. 2 (g),C = mass loss per mole of pure stoichiometric componentin Table 2 due to thermal decomposition (g/mol), andmo= original mass of sample (g).12.2.5 Determinations of calcium sulfate dihydrate andcalcium sulfate hemihydrate a
49、re complicated by the fact thatthe dihydrate form often first decomposes to the hemihydrateform before decomposing fully to anhydrite. Therefore, thehemihydrate mass loss signal generally has contributions bothfrom original hemihydrate and from any hemihydrate formedby decomposition of dihydrate; an example is shown in Fig. 2.Referring to Fig. 2, calculations of calcium sulfate dihydrateand hemihydrate can be made according to the followingformulas, each of which is based on Eq 1 and the values inTable 2, assuming that the components are pure and stoichio-m
