1、Designation: C 188 95 (Reapproved 2003)American Association StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T133Standard Test Method forDensity of Hydraulic Cement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Depa
3、rtment of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the densityof hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connectionwith the design and control of concrete mixtures.1.2 The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the massof a unit volume of the solids.1.3 The value
4、s stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility
5、 of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of HydraulicCement2C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction Materials33. Apparatus3.1 Le Chatelier flaskThe standard flask, wh
6、ich is circularin cross section, with shape and dimensions conformingessentially to Fig. 1 (Note 1). The requirements in regard totolerance, inscription and length, spacing, and uniformity ofgraduation will be rigidly observed. There shall be a space ofat least 10 mm between the highest graduation m
7、ark and thelowest point of grinding for the glass stopper.3.1.1 The material of construction shall be excellent qualityglass, transparent and free of striae. The glass shall bechemically resistant and shall have small thermal hysteresis.The flasks shall be thoroughly annealed before being gradu-ated
8、. They shall be of sufficient thickness to ensure reasonableresistance to breakage.3.1.2 The neck shall be graduated from 0 to 1 mL and from18 to 24 mL in 0.1-mL graduations. The error of any indicatedcapacity shall not be greater than 0.05 mL.3.1.3 Each flask shall bear a permanent identification n
9、um-ber and the stopper, if not interchangeably ground, shall bearthe same number. Interchangeable ground-glass parts shall bemarked on both members with the standard-taper symbol,followed by the size designation. The standard temperatureshall be indicated, and the unit of capacity shall be shown byt
10、he letters “mL” placed above the highest graduation mark.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Cement,and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.25 on Fineness.Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published August 2003. Originallyapproved in 1944. Last pre
11、vious edition approved in 1995 as C 188 95.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.NOTEVariations of a few millimetres in such dimensions as totalheight of flask, diameter of base, and so forth, are to be expected and willnot be considered sufficient cause
12、 for rejection. The dimensions of theflask shown in Fig. 1 apply only to new flasks and not to flasks in usewhich meet the other requirements of this test method.FIG. 1 Le Chatelier Flask for Density Test1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2
13、959, United States.3.2 Kerosine, free of water, or naphtha, having a densitygreater than 0.73 g/mL at 23 6 2 C shall be used in the densitydetermination.3.3 The use of alternative equipment or methods for deter-mining density is permitted provided that a single operator canobtain results within 6 0.
14、03 Mg/m3of the results obtainedusing the flask method.NOTE 1The design is intended to ensure complete drainage of theflask when emptied, and stability of standing on a level surface, as well asaccuracy and precision of reading.4. Procedure4.1 Determine the density of cement on the material asreceive
15、d, unless otherwise specified. If the density determina-tion on a loss-free sample is required, first ignite the sample asdescribed in the test for loss on ignition in section 16.1 onPortland Cement of Test Methods C 114.4.2 Fill the flask (Note 2) with either of the liquids specifiedin 3.2 to a poi
16、nt on the stem between the 0 and the 1-mL mark.Dry the inside of the flask above the level of the liquid, ifnecessary, after pouring. Record the first reading after the flaskhas been immersed in the water bath (Note 3) in accordancewith 4.4.NOTE 2It is advisable to use a rubber pad on the table top
17、when fillingor rolling the flask.NOTE 3Before the cement has been added to the flask, a loose-fitting,lead-ring weight around the stem of the flask will be helpful in holding theflask in an upright position in the water bath, or the flask may be held inthe water bath by a buret clamp.4.3 Introduce a
18、 quantity of cement, weighed to the nearest0.05 g, (about 64 g for portland cement) in small increments atthe same temperature as the liquid (Note 2). Take care to avoidsplashing and see that the cement does not adhere to the insideof the flask above the liquid. A vibrating apparatus may be usedto a
19、ccelerate the introduction of the cement into the flask andto prevent the cement from sticking to the neck. After all thecement has been introduced, place the stopper in the flask androll the flask in an inclined position (Note 2), or gently whirl itin a horizontal circle, so as to free the cement f
20、rom air until nofurther air bubbles rise to the surface of the liquid. If a properamount of cement has been added, the level of the liquid willbe in its final position at some point of the upper series ofgraduations. Take the final reading after the flask has beenimmersed in the water bath in accord
21、ance with 4.4.4.4 Immerse the flask in a constant-temperature water bathfor sufficient periods of time in order to avoid flask temperaturevariations greater than 0.2C between the initial and the finalreadings.5. Calculation5.1 The difference between the first and the final readingsrepresents the vol
22、ume of liquid displaced by the mass ofcement used in the test.5.2 Calculate the cement density, r, as follows:rMg/m3! 5rg/cm3! 5 mass of cement, g/displaced volume, cm3NOTE 4The displaced volume in millilitres is numerically equal to thedisplaced volume in cubic centimetres.NOTE 5Density in megagram
23、s per cubic metre (Mg/m3) is numeri-cally equal to grams per cubic centimetre (g/cm3). Calculate the cementdensity, r, to three decimal places and round to the nearest 0.01 Mg/m3.NOTE 6In connection with proportioning and control of concretemixtures, density may be more usefully expressed as specifi
24、c gravity, thelatter being a dimensionless number. Calculate the specific gravity asfollows: Sp gr = cement density/water density at 4C (at 4C the densityof water is 1 Mg/m3(1g/cm3).6. Precision and Bias6.1 The single-operator standard deviation for portlandcements has been found to be 0.012.4Theref
25、ore, the results oftwo properly conducted tests by the same operator on the samematerial should not differ by more than 0.03.6.2 The multilaboratory standard deviation for portlandcements has been found to be 0.037.4Therefore, the results oftwo properly conducted tests from two different laboratorie
26、s onsamples of the same cement should not differ by more than0.10.46.3 Since there is no accepted reference material suitable fordetermining any bias that might be associated with this testmethod, no statement on bias is being made.7. Keywords7.1 density; hydraulic cement; specific gravityASTM Inter
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28、their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand shou
29、ld be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Stan
30、dards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).4These numbers represent the 1s and d2s limits described in Practice C 670.C 188 95 (2003)2
