1、Designation: C188 09American Association StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T133Standard Test Method forDensity of Hydraulic Cement1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1.
3、Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the densityof hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connectionwith the design and control of concrete mixtures.1.2 The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the massof a unit volume of the solids.1.3 The values stated in SI units
4、 are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practi
5、ces and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of HydraulicCementC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction Materials3. Apparatus3.1 Le Chat
6、elier flaskThe standard flask, which is circularin cross section, with shape and dimensions conformingessentially to Fig. 1 (Note 1). The requirements in regard totolerance, inscription and length, spacing, and uniformity ofgraduation will be rigidly observed. There shall be a space ofat least 10 mm
7、 between the highest graduation mark and thelowest point of grinding for the glass stopper.3.1.1 The material of construction shall be excellent qualityglass, transparent and free of striae. The glass shall bechemically resistant and shall have small thermal hysteresis.The flasks shall be thoroughly
8、 annealed before being gradu-ated. They shall be of sufficient thickness to ensure reasonableresistance to breakage.3.1.2 The neck shall be graduated from 0 to 1 mL and from18 to 24 mL in 0.1-mL graduations. The error of any indicatedcapacity shall not be greater than 0.05 mL.3.1.3 Each flask shall
9、bear a permanent identification num-ber and the stopper, if not interchangeably ground, shall bearthe same number. Interchangeable ground-glass parts shall bemarked on both members with the standard-taper symbol,followed by the size designation. The standard temperatureshall be indicated, and the un
10、it of capacity shall be shown bythe letters “mL” placed above the highest graduation mark.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Cementand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.25 on Fineness.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Orig
11、inallyapproved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C188 95(2003). DOI:10.1520/C0188-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
12、Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.NOTEVariations of a few millimetres in such dimensions as totalheight of flask, diameter of base, and so forth, are to be expected and willnot be considered sufficient cause for rejection. The dimensions of theflask shown in Fig. 1 apply only to new flasks an
13、d not to flasks in usewhich meet the other requirements of this test method.FIG. 1 Le Chatelier Flask for Density Test1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3
14、.2 Kerosine, free of water, or naphtha, having a densitygreater than 0.73 g/mL at 23 6 2 C shall be used in the densitydetermination.3.3 The use of alternative equipment or methods for deter-mining density is permitted provided that a single operator canobtain results within 6 0.03 Mg/m3of the resul
15、ts obtainedusing the flask method.NOTE 1The design is intended to ensure complete drainage of theflask when emptied, and stability of standing on a level surface, as well asaccuracy and precision of reading.4. Procedure4.1 Determine the density of cement on the material asreceived, unless otherwise
16、specified. If the density determina-tion on a loss-free sample is required, first ignite the sample asdescribed in the test for loss on ignition in section 16.1 onPortland Cement of Test Methods C114.4.2 Fill the flask (Note 2) with either of the liquids specifiedin 3.2 to a point on the stem betwee
17、n the 0 and the 1-mL mark.Dry the inside of the flask above the level of the liquid, ifnecessary, after pouring. Record the first reading after the flaskhas been immersed in the water bath (Note 3) in accordancewith 4.4.NOTE 2It is advisable to use a rubber pad on the table top when fillingor rollin
18、g the flask.NOTE 3Before the cement has been added to the flask, a loose-fitting,lead-ring weight around the stem of the flask will be helpful in holding theflask in an upright position in the water bath, or the flask may be held inthe water bath by a buret clamp.4.3 Introduce a quantity of cement,
19、weighed to the nearest0.05 g, (about 64 g for portland cement) in small increments atthe same temperature as the liquid (Note 2). Take care to avoidsplashing and see that the cement does not adhere to the insideof the flask above the liquid.Avibrating apparatus may be usedto accelerate the introduct
20、ion of the cement into the flask andto prevent the cement from sticking to the neck. After all thecement has been introduced, place the stopper in the flask androll the flask in an inclined position (Note 2), or gently whirl itin a horizontal circle, so as to free entrapped air from thecement until
21、no further air bubbles rise to the surface of theliquid. If a proper amount of cement has been added, the levelof the liquid will be in its final position at some point of theupper series of graduations. Take the final reading after theflask has been immersed in the water bath in accordance with4.4.
22、4.4 Immerse the flask in a constant-temperature water bathfor sufficient periods of time in order to avoid flask temperaturevariations greater than 0.2C between the initial and the finalreadings.5. Calculation5.1 The difference between the first and the final readingsrepresents the volume of liquid
23、displaced by the mass ofcement used in the test.5.2 Calculate the cement density, r, as follows:rMg/m3! 5rg/cm3! 5 mass of cement, g/displaced volume, cm3NOTE 4The displaced volume in millilitres is numerically equal to thedisplaced volume in cubic centimetres.NOTE 5Density in megagrams per cubic me
24、tre (Mg/m3) is numeri-cally equal to grams per cubic centimetre (g/cm3). Calculate the cementdensity, r, to three decimal places and round to the nearest 0.01 Mg/m3.NOTE 6In connection with proportioning and control of concretemixtures, density may be more usefully expressed as specific gravity, the
25、latter being a dimensionless number. Calculate the specific gravity asfollows: Sp gr = cement density/water density at 4C (at 4C the densityof water is 1 Mg/m3(1g/cm3).6. Precision and Bias6.1 The single-operator standard deviation for portlandcements has been found to be 0.012.3Therefore, the resul
26、ts oftwo properly conducted tests by the same operator on the samematerial should not differ by more than 0.03.6.2 The multilaboratory standard deviation for portlandcements has been found to be 0.037.3Therefore, the results oftwo properly conducted tests from two different laboratories onsamples of
27、 the same cement should not differ by more than0.10.36.3 Since there is no accepted reference material suitable fordetermining any bias that might be associated with this testmethod, no statement on bias is being made.7. Keywords7.1 density; hydraulic cement; specific gravitySUMMARY OF CHANGESCommit
28、tee C01 has identified the location of selected changes to this test method since the last issue,C188 95(2003), that may impact the use of this test method. (Approved December 1, 2009)(1) Revised 4.3.3These numbers represent the 1s and d2s limits described in Practice C670.C188 092ASTM International
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30、n responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be ad
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32、t the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C188 093
