1、Designation: C 210 95 (Reapproved 2007)e1Standard Test Method forReheat Change of Insulating Firebrick1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 210; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.e1NOTEEditorially corrected Table 1 in March 2007.1. Scop
3、e1.1 This test method covers the determination of the perma-nent linear (and volume) change of insulating firebrick uponreheating under prescribed conditions.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This
4、standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2
5、.1 ASTM Standards:2C24 Test Method for Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) ofFireclay and High Alumina Refractory MaterialsC 155 Classification of Insulating FirebrickE 230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force(EMF) Tables for Standardized ThermocouplesE 1256 Test Methods for Radiation Ther
6、mometers (SingleWaveband Type)3. Significance and Use3.1 Insulating firebrick (IFB) are classified by their bulkdensity and reheat change (see Classification C 155). This testmethod defines thermal stability by measurement of IFBsreheat change following 24 h at a test temperature.3.2 Since this test
7、 exposes the entire sample to an isothermaltemperature condition, the user should be aware that mostapplications for IFB involve a thermal gradient which maycause the IFBs dimensions to change differentially.4. Apparatus4.1 The test kiln shall be capable of maintaining therequired temperature with a
8、 variation of not more than one halfa standard pyrometric cone over the hearth area during theprescribed heating schedule. If a gas- or oil-fired kiln is used,it shall be of the downdraft type and of such a design as not topermit the flame from the burner to impinge upon the testspecimens. The kiln
9、atmosphere during the test shall be kept asoxidizing as is practicable.5. Procedure5.1 Test Specimens and Measurements:5.1.1 The test specimens shall consist of three brick (Note 1)measuring 9 by 412 by 212 or 3 in. (228 by 114 by 64 or 76mm) or three pieces of these dimensions cut out of largershap
10、es.NOTE 1Three supporting brick from the same lot as the test speci-mens are required also, so that the test sample is comprised of six brick.5.1.2 Each specimen shall be labeled with ceramic paint,and before and after heating they shall be carefully measuredfor length (Note 2), width, and thickness
11、. Three measurements(Note 3) to the nearest 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) shall be taken for eachdimension and the average of these shall be used. Eachdimension shall be measured in three places along the longi-tudinal center line on opposite faces, one measurement at thecenter of the line and one12 in. (13 mm)
12、 in from each edge.Fig. 1 shows the location at which these measurements are tobe made.NOTE 2For classifying IFB according to Classification C 155, obtainthe reheat change from the 9-in. (228-mm) dimension measurements only.NOTE 3Because of the large pore size of some IFB, it is difficult tomeasure
13、by means of calipers directly on the brick surfaces.Accuracy maybe obtained by holding two small pieces of flat polished steel plate ofknown thickness against the faces between which the dimension is to beobtained, and calipering on the outside steel surfaces rather than directlyagainst the brick su
14、rfaces. It is permissible to use a measuring device toobtain the dimensions of the brick, provided the measurements are not1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on PhysicalProperties.Current edition ap
15、proved March 1, 2007. Published April 2007. Originallyapproved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C 210 95 (2005).Originally part of C 93.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMS
16、tandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.affected by large pores in the surface.5.2 Placing Test Specimens in Kiln:5.2.1 Place the te
17、st specimens in the kiln so that each willrest on a 9 by 212 or 3-in. (228 by 64 or 76-mm) face. Placeeach specimen upon the 9 by 212 or 3-in. face of a supportingbrick that shall be from the same lot as the test specimen. Placebetween the test specimen and the supporting member a layerof suitable r
18、efractory material, that is nonreactive under the testconditions and passes an ASTM No. 16 (1.18-mm) sieve(equivalent to a 14-mesh Tyler Standard Series) and retainedon an ASTM No. 40 (425-m) sieve (equivalent to a 35-meshTyler Standard Series). Place each specimen no closer than 112in. (38 mm) from
19、 either the other test specimens or the furnacewall and parts.6. Temperature Measurement6.1 Measure the temperature within the kiln by means of anappropriate calibrated thermocouple. Refer to Table 1 andTable 2 of Standard E 230 for the tolerances and upper tem-perature limits for use of various the
20、rmocouples. At highertemperatures, the thermocouple may be withdrawn and acalibrated optical or radiation pyrometer (refer to Test MethodE 1256) can be used. Place the hot junction of the thermo-couple or sight the pyrometer so as to register the temperatureof the test specimens. Make temperature re
21、adings at intervalsnot greater than 15 min. Check the kiln periodically bythermocouples, pyrometers, or pyrometric cones (refer to TestMethod C24) to ensure that temperature over the hearth doesnot differ by more than 25F (14C) or one-half cone.7. Test Temperature Schedules and Duration of Test7.1 T
22、he temperature to be used for the test shall depend onthe classification into which the IFB falls (see ClassificationC 155).7.2 The heating schedules for the various classes of IFB aregiven in Table 1. Maintain the maximum temperature for aperiod of 24 h, and leave the specimens in the kiln until th
23、etemperature has fallen to about 800F (430C). Blisters maydevelop on the surface of the test brick, in which case removethem by rubbing their surfaces very lightly with a fine abrasiveblock before remeasuring in accordance with 5.1.2.8. Calculation and Report8.1 Reheat ChangeCalculate the reheat cha
24、nge in percentfrom the average measurement for the dimension obtainedbefore and after reheating.8.2 Reheat Volume ChangeWhen the reheat volumechange is requested, calculate it from the average measurementfor the three dimensions obtained before and after reheating, asfollows:V 5 Vo2 Vf!/Vo# 3 100 (1
25、)where:V = volume change, percent,Vo= original volume, andVf= final volume.8.3 ReportWhen the test is conducted for evaluating IFBin accordance with Classification C 155, the average linearchange for the 9-in. (228-mm) dimension only shall be re-ported; otherwise, or when specified, the average of t
26、he reheatchange for the length, width, and thickness shall be reportedand, if requested, the average reheat volume change.9. Precision and Bias9.1 Interlaboratory Test ProgramAn interlaboratory testprogram between six laboratories was conducted. Each labo-ratory received 3 samples each of three IFBs
27、, K-20, K-26 LI,and K-3000. The bricks were provided by Thermal Ceramics.The laboratories participating were C.E. Minerals, Orton RRC,North American Refractories, National Refractories, ThermalCeramics, and Premier Refractories.9.2 Precision:9.2.1 RepeatabilityThe maximum permissible differencedue t
28、o test error between two test results obtained by oneoperator on the same material is given by the repeatabilityinterval and the relative repeatability interval (coefficient ofvariation). The 95 % repeatability intervals are given in Table2. Two test results that do not differ by more than therepeat
29、ability interval will be considered the same and, con-versely, two test results that do differ by more than therepeatability interval will be considered different.9.2.2 ReproducibilityThe maximum permissible differ-ence due to test error between two test results obtained by twooperators in different
30、 laboratories on the same type of materialusing the same type of test equipment is given by thereproducibility interval and relative reproducibility interval(coefficient of variation). The 95 % reproducibility intervalsare given in Table 2. Two test results that do not differ by morethan the reprodu
31、cibility interval will be considered the sameand, conversely, two test results that do differ by more than thereproducibility interval will be considered different.9.3 BiasNo justifiable bias statement is possible since thetrue values of the properties of the reference material are notdefined.10. Ke
32、ywords10.1 insulating firebrick; permanent linear change; refracto-ries; reheat changeNOTE 1The dots on the center line of each face are12 in. (13 mm) infrom each edge, and the cross on the axis is in the center. These positionsindicate the points at which three measurements for each dimensions aret
33、o be made.FIG. 1 Test Brick Showing Measurement LocationsC 210 95 (2007)e12TABLE 1 Heating Schedule for Reheat Change of Various Groups of Insulating FirebrickElapsedTimefromStart ofHeating,hAllowableDeviationfromSchedule,6F (C)Temperature of Test Specimen, F (C) (The highest temperature ineach colu
34、mn shall be maintained for 24 h)Group 161550F(845C)TestGroup 201950F(1065C)TestGroup 232250F(1230C)TestGroup 262550F(1400C)TestGroup 282750F(1510C)TestGroup 302950F(1620C)TestGroup 323150F(1730C)TestGroup 333250F(1790C)Test150(28)1050(565)1310(710)1470(800)1750(955)1750(955)1750(955)1750(955)1750(95
35、5)112 35(19.5)1260(680)1580(860)1820(995)2130(1165)2130(1165)2130(1165)2200(1205)2200(1205)220(11)1420(770)1790(975)2050(1120)2370(1300)2370(1300)2370(1300)2430(1330)2500(1370)212 15(8.5)1520(825)1910(1045)2200(1205)2510(1375)2560(1405)2560(1405)2640(1450)2700(1480)315(8.5)1550(845)1950(1065)2250(12
36、30)2550(1400)2680(1470)2680(1470)2800(1540)2840(1560).312 15(8.5). . . . . . . . . . . . 2730(1500)2810(1545)2890(1590)2960(1625)415(8.5). . . . . . . . . . . . 2750(1510)2880(1580)2960(1625)3040(1670).412 15(8.5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2930(1610)3020(1660)3100(1705)515(8.5). . . . . . . . . .
37、 . . . . . 2950(1620)3060(1680)3150(1730).512 15(8.5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3100(1705)3175(1745)615(8.5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3125(1720)3200(1760)612 10(5.5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3150(1730)3225(1775)710(5.5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3240(1782)712 10
38、(5.5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3250(1790)Editorially corrected.TABLE 2 Precision StatisticsAttributeAverage Precision Data Relative PrecisionLinear%StandardDeviationWithinLaboratories,%SrStandardDeviationBetweenLaboratories, %SRRepeat-abilityInterval, %rReproduc-ibilityInterval, %RWi
39、thinLaboratories,%VrBetweenLaboratories,%VRRelativeRepeatibility,%rRelativeRepro-ducibility, %RReheat Change K 20 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.08 0.08 387.30 387.30 1084.44 1084.44Reheat Change K 26 LI 0.26 0.09 0.11 0.24 0.31 33.48 42.96 93.74 120.28Reheat Change K 3000 0.24 0.08 0.18 0.23 0.50 33.66 73.41 94.
40、23 205.54C 210 95 (2007)e13ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infri
41、ngement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standar
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43、s known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C 210 95 (2007)e14
