1、Designation: C210 95 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Test Method forReheat Change of Insulating Firebrick1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C210; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision
2、. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of
3、the perma-nent linear (and volume) change of insulating firebrick uponreheating under prescribed conditions.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesaf
4、ety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C24 Test Method for Pyrometric
5、Cone Equivalent (PCE) ofFireclay and High Alumina Refractory MaterialsC155 Classification of Insulating FirebrickE230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force(EMF) Tables for Standardized ThermocouplesE1256 Test Methods for Radiation Thermometers (SingleWaveband Type)3. Significance and Use
6、3.1 Insulating firebrick (IFB) are classified by their bulkdensity and reheat change (see Classification C155). This testmethod defines thermal stability by measurement of IFBsreheat change following 24 h at a test temperature.3.2 Since this test exposes the entire sample to an isothermaltemperature
7、 condition, the user should be aware that mostapplications for IFB involve a thermal gradient which maycause the IFBs dimensions to change differentially.4. Apparatus4.1 The test kiln shall be capable of maintaining therequired temperature with a variation of not more than one halfa standard pyromet
8、ric cone over the hearth area during theprescribed heating schedule. If a gas- or oil-fired kiln is used,it shall be of the downdraft type and of such a design as not topermit the flame from the burner to impinge upon the testspecimens. The kiln atmosphere during the test shall be kept asoxidizing a
9、s is practicable.5. Procedure5.1 Test Specimens and Measurements:5.1.1 The test specimens shall consist of three brick (Note 1)measuring 9 by 412 by 212 or 3 in. (228 by 114 by 64 or 76mm) or three pieces of these dimensions cut out of largershapes.NOTE 1Three supporting brick from the same lot as t
10、he test specimensare required also, so that the test sample is comprised of six brick.5.1.2 Each specimen shall be labeled with ceramic paint,and before and after heating they shall be carefully measuredfor length (Note 2), width, and thickness. Three measurements(Note 3) to the nearest 0.02 in. (0.
11、5 mm) shall be taken for eachdimension and the average of these shall be used. Eachdimension shall be measured in three places along the longi-tudinal center line on opposite faces, one measurement at thecenter of the line and one12 in. (13 mm) in from each edge.Fig. 1 shows the location at which th
12、ese measurements are tobe made.NOTE 2For classifying IFB according to Classification C155, obtainthe reheat change from the 9-in. (228-mm) dimension measurements only.NOTE 3Because of the large pore size of some IFB, it is difficult tomeasure by means of calipers directly on the brick surfaces.Accur
13、acy maybe obtained by holding two small pieces of flat polished steel plate ofknown thickness against the faces between which the dimension is to beobtained, and calipering on the outside steel surfaces rather than directlyagainst the brick surfaces. It is permissible to use a measuring device toobt
14、ain the dimensions of the brick, provided the measurements are notaffected by large pores in the surface.5.2 Placing Test Specimens in Kiln:5.2.1 Place the test specimens in the kiln so that each willrest on a 9 by 212 or 3-in. (228 by 64 or 76-mm) face. Placeeach specimen upon the 9 by 212 or 3-in.
15、 face of a supportingbrick that shall be from the same lot as the test specimen. Place1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.03 on PhysicalProperties.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2014. Published Novem
16、ber 2014. Originallyapproved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C210 95 (2007)1.Originally part of C93. DOI: 10.1520/C0210-95R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards
17、volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1between the test specimen and the supporting member a layerof suitable refractory material, that is no
18、nreactive under the testconditions and passes an ASTM No. 16 (1.18-mm) sieve(equivalent to a 14-mesh Tyler Standard Series) and retainedon an ASTM No. 40 (425-m) sieve (equivalent to a 35-meshTyler Standard Series). Place each specimen no closer than 112in. (38 mm) from either the other test specime
19、ns or the furnacewall and parts.6. Temperature Measurement6.1 Measure the temperature within the kiln by means of anappropriate calibrated thermocouple. Refer to Table 1 andTable 2 of Standard E230 for the tolerances and upper tem-perature limits for use of various thermocouples. At highertemperatur
20、es, the thermocouple may be withdrawn and acalibrated optical or radiation pyrometer (refer to Test MethodE1256) can be used. Place the hot junction of the thermocoupleor sight the pyrometer so as to register the temperature of thetest specimens. Make temperature readings at intervals notgreater tha
21、n 15 min. Check the kiln periodically bythermocouples, pyrometers, or pyrometric cones (refer to TestMethod C24) to ensure that temperature over the hearth doesnot differ by more than 25F (14C) or one-half cone.7. Test Temperature Schedules and Duration of Test7.1 The temperature to be used for the
22、test shall depend onthe classification into which the IFB falls (see ClassificationC155).7.2 The heating schedules for the various classes of IFB aregiven in Table 1. Maintain the maximum temperature for aperiod of 24 h, and leave the specimens in the kiln until thetemperature has fallen to about 80
23、0F (430C). Blisters maydevelop on the surface of the test brick, in which case removethem by rubbing their surfaces very lightly with a fine abrasiveblock before remeasuring in accordance with 5.1.2.8. Calculation and Report8.1 Reheat ChangeCalculate the reheat change in percentfrom the average meas
24、urement for the dimension obtainedbefore and after reheating.8.2 Reheat Volume ChangeWhen the reheat volumechange is requested, calculate it from the average measurementfor the three dimensions obtained before and after reheating, asfollows:V 5 Vo2 Vf!/Vo# 3100 (1)where:V = volume change, percent,Vo
25、= original volume, andVf= final volume.8.3 ReportWhen the test is conducted for evaluating IFBin accordance with Classification C155, the average linearchange for the 9-in. (228-mm) dimension only shall be re-ported; otherwise, or when specified, the average of the reheatchange for the length, width
26、, and thickness shall be reportedand, if requested, the average reheat volume change.9. Precision and Bias9.1 Interlaboratory Test ProgramAn interlaboratory testprogram between six laboratories was conducted. Each labo-ratory received 3 samples each of three IFBs, K-20, K-26 LI,and K-3000. The brick
27、s were provided by Thermal Ceramics.The laboratories participating were C.E. Minerals, Orton RRC,North American Refractories, National Refractories, ThermalCeramics, and Premier Refractories.9.2 Precision:9.2.1 RepeatabilityThe maximum permissible differencedue to test error between two test results
28、 obtained by oneoperator on the same material is given by the repeatabilityinterval and the relative repeatability interval (coefficient ofvariation). The 95 % repeatability intervals are given in Table2. Two test results that do not differ by more than therepeatability interval will be considered t
29、he same and,conversely, two test results that do differ by more than therepeatability interval will be considered different.9.2.2 ReproducibilityThe maximum permissible differ-ence due to test error between two test results obtained by twooperators in different laboratories on the same type of mater
30、ialusing the same type of test equipment is given by thereproducibility interval and relative reproducibility interval(coefficient of variation). The 95 % reproducibility intervalsare given in Table 2. Two test results that do not differ by morethan the reproducibility interval will be considered th
31、e sameand, conversely, two test results that do differ by more than thereproducibility interval will be considered different.9.3 BiasNo justifiable bias statement is possible since thetrue values of the properties of the reference material are notdefined.10. Keywords10.1 insulating firebrick; perman
32、ent linear change; refracto-ries; reheat changeNOTE 1The dots on the center line of each face are12 in. (13 mm) infrom each edge, and the cross on the axis is in the center. These positionsindicate the points at which three measurements for each dimensions areto be made.FIG. 1 Test Brick Showing Mea
33、surement LocationsC210 95 (2014)2TABLE 1 Heating Schedule for Reheat Change of Various Groups of Insulating FirebrickElapsedTimefromStart ofHeating,hAllowableDeviationfromSchedule,F (C)Temperature of Test Specimen, F (C) (The highest temperature ineach column shall be maintained for 24 h)Group 16155
34、0F(845C)TestGroup 201950F(1065C)TestGroup 232250F(1230C)TestGroup 262550F(1400C)TestGroup 282750F(1510C)TestGroup 302950F(1620C)TestGroup 323150F(1730C)TestGroup 333250F(1790C)Test150(28)1050(565)1310(710)1470(800)1750(955)1750(955)1750(955)1750(955)1750(955)112 35(19.5)1260(680)1580(860)1820(995)21
35、30(1165)2130(1165)2130(1165)2200(1205)2200(1205)220(11)1420(770)1790(975)2050(1120)2370(1300)2370(1300)2370(1300)2430(1330)2500(1370)212 15(8.5)1520(825)1910(1045)2200(1205)2510(1375)2560(1405)2560(1405)2640(1450)2700(1480)315(8.5)1550(845)1950(1065)2250(1230)2550(1400)2680(1470)2680(1470)2800(1540)
36、2840(1560).312 15(8.5). . . . . . . . . . . . 2730(1500)2810(1545)2890(1590)2960(1625)415(8.5). . . . . . . . . . . . 2750(1510)2880(1580)2960(1625)3040(1670).412 15(8.5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2930(1610)3020(1660)3100(1705)515(8.5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2950(1620)3060(1680)3150(1730).5
37、12 15(8.5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3100(1705)3175(1745)615(8.5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3125(1720)3200(1760)612 10(5.5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3150(1730)3225(1775)710(5.5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3240(1782)712 10(5.5). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38、. . 3250(1790)Editorially corrected.TABLE 2 Precision StatisticsAttributeAverage Precision Data Relative PrecisionLinear%StandardDeviationWithinLaboratories,%SrStandardDeviationBetweenLaboratories,%SRRepeat-abilityInterval, %rReproduc-ibilityInterval, %RWithinLaboratories,%VrBetweenLaboratories,%VRR
39、elativeRepeatibility,%rRelativeRepro-ducibility, %RReheat Change K 20 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.08 0.08 387.30 387.30 1084.44 1084.44Reheat Change K 26 LI 0.26 0.09 0.11 0.24 0.31 33.48 42.96 93.74 120.28Reheat Change K 3000 0.24 0.08 0.18 0.23 0.50 33.66 73.41 94.23 205.54C210 95 (2014)3ASTM International t
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