1、Designation: C 279 88 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Specification forChemical-Resistant Masonry Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 279; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers solid, kiln fired brick and tilemade from clay, shale, or mixtures thereof, suitable for indoorand outdoo
3、r use in masonry construction subjected to chemicalenvironments.1.2 The physical and chemical properties of brick and tilediffer from supplier to supplier, mainly because their compo-sition is determined by the source of raw materials. Regardlessof the differences, brick and tile are considered to b
4、e of threetypes as follows:1.2.1 Type IFor use where low absorption and high acidresistance are not major factors.1.2.2 Type IIFor use where lower absorption and higheracid resistance are required.1.2.3 Type IIIFor use where minimum absorption andmaximum acid resistance are required.NOTE 1Types I, I
5、I, and III may not differ significantly in thermalshock resistance. The suitability of a given brick, for a particularapplication should be determined at the time of purchase by agreementbetween the purchaser and the supplier.NOTE 2Types I and III were formerly designated Type “H and “Lrespectively.
6、1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to estab
7、lish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorp-tion, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density ofBurned Refractory Brick and Shapes
8、 by Boiling WaterC67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC 397 Practice for Use of Chemically Setting Chemical-Resistant Silicate and Silica MortarsC 723 Practice for Chemical-Resistant Resin Grouts forBrick or TileE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for Testin
9、gPurposes3. Physical Properties3.1 StrengthThe brick and tile when tested in accordancewith Test Methods C67shall conform to the requirements formodulus of rupture (flexural strength) for the type specified, asprescribed in Table 1.3.2 Water AbsorptionThe brick and tile when tested inaccordance with
10、 Test Methods C20 shall conform to therequirements for water absorption (based on the 2 h boil) forthe type specified, as prescribed in Table 1.3.3 SizesThe sizes of the brick and tile shall be asspecified by the purchaser. The length, width, and depthmeasurements of the brick or tile shall be withi
11、n 63 % of thespecified dimensions when tested in accordance with TestMethods C67.3.4 WarpageThe brick and tile when tested in accordancewith Test Methods C67shall conform to the requirements asshown in Table 2.(WarningThe above tolerances may notbe consistent with the recommended mortar joint sizes
12、con-tained in Practices C 397 and C 723. If brick or tile with tightertolerances than those described in 3.3 or 3.4 are required, thepurchaser shall negotiate such requirements with the manufac-turer.)3.5 Surface TexturesBrick or tile surfaces should betextured in order to promote better bonding. Te
13、xturing may beaccomplished by scoring, wire cutting, matting, or other meansconsistent with a manufacturers process. If texturing is done,the protrusion or indentation shall not exceed18 in. (3 mm) indepth.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Uni
14、ts and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.02 on Brick and Structural Clay Tile.Current edition approved June 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approvedin 1951. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as C 279 88 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.as
15、tm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Signi
16、ficance and Use4.1 The brick and tile covered herein are intended essen-tially for use in chemical environments where resistance tothermal shock may or may not be a consideration. The brickand tile are normally used with chemical-resistant mortars.5. Precision and Bias5.1 Astatement on precision and
17、 bias will be added at a laterdate.6. Visual Inspection6.1 The brick and tile shall be free of open surface lamina-tions or cracks which would impair the performance of theconstruction.NOTE 3Open laminations or cracks within the brick or tile observedin the brick or tile cut or broken during testing
18、, should be noted with theirsize and number indicated as part of the test report. If internal openlaminations or cracks, or both, are reported, the purchaser shall determinethe suitability of such brick or tile for his application.6.2 Black HeartBrick or tile when broken may have adark area that has
19、 a steely appearance and is sharply delineatedfrom the surrounding normal color of the brick. It is known asblack heart or black core. Black heart is generally the result ofthe reduction of iron minerals during the firing process. Itspresence, regardless of size, in brick or tile which otherwisemeet
20、 the physical and chemical requirements of this specifica-tion, shall not be cause for rejection.7. Sulfuric Acid Solubility Test7.1 Apparatus:7.1.1 Crusher, jaw-type.7.1.2 Sieves,14-in. (6.3-mm) and No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieves(equivalent to 3-mesh and 4-mesh sieves, respectively, in theTyler series), co
21、nforming to Specification E11.7.1.3 Mechanical Shaking Device, producing a lateral andvertical motion of the sieve, accompanied by a jarring action soas to keep the sample moving continuously over the surface ofthe sieve.7.1.4 Drying Oven.7.1.5 Analytical Balance and Weights, 0.01-g sensitivity.7.1.
22、6 Desiccator.7.1.7 Erlenmeyer Flask, 750-mL, of heat-resistant andchemically resistant glass.7.1.8 Water-Cooled Condenser.7.1.9 Hot Plate.7.1.10 Fritted-Glass Funnel, fine porosity.7.1.11 Suction Pump.7.2 Preparation of SamplePrepare the sample from atleast five masonry units selected in accordance
23、with TestMethods C67. Remove and discard the skin surface from aquarter of each unit selected and crush the remaining pieces ina jaw-type crusher, with the jaws set so that the grain size of theproduct ranges from material retained on a14-in. (6.3-mm)sieve to material passing a No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve
24、. Reduce thismaterial either by mixing and quartering or by a mechanicalsplitter to approximately a 1000-g sample, and screen in amechanical shaking device for 15 min, using the No. 36.75-mm and No. 4 4.75-mm sieves. Thoroughly mix theportion of the material passing the No. 3 6.75-mm sieve andremain
25、ing on the No. 4 4.75-mm sieve (Note 4), and thenquarter down to obtain two 50-g samples. Dry these samples ina drying oven at 240F (120C) for at least 16 h, and then coolin a desiccator.NOTE 4Although it is recognized that some types of material tend tobreak down in a manner yielding various-shaped
26、 particles, no attemptshall be made at hand selection.7.3 ProcedureTransfer each of the 50-g samples, weighedto the nearest 0.01 g, and 250 mL of sulfuric acid (sp gr 1.706,or 78 weight % 60 Baum) to 750-mL Erlenmeyer flasks.Insert water-cooled condensers and boil on hot plates for 48 h(Note 5). Coo
27、l the flasks and contents sufficiently to permithandling, and decant the solutions through fritted-glass funnelswith the aid of suction, retaining the samples in the flasks. Addabout 250 mL of water to the flasks, boil for 10 min, and decantwith the aid of suction through the same funnels as usedpre
28、viously. Repeat this washing procedure three times. On thefourth decantation of wash water, transfer the samples to thefunnels, using hot water to aid in the transfer. Dry the funnelsand contents in an oven at 240F (120C) for at least 16 h, andcool in a desiccator. Remove material from the funnels,b
29、rushing out the fines if necessary, and weigh to the nearest0.01 g.NOTE 5Regulate the temperature of the hot plate so as to maintain agentle boiling solution avoiding any considerable agitation of the sample.The use of a variable transformer in series with the hot plate is suggested.7.4 Calculation
30、and ReportCalculate the loss in weight asa percentage of the original weight. Make duplicate determi-nations and report an average of the two results to the nearest0.1 %.8. Keywords8.1 absorption; acid resistance; acid solubility; ceramic;chemical-resistant; masonry; physical properties; solid brick
31、TABLE 1 Physical and Chemical Requirements for Brick and TileDesignationModulus of Rupture(Brick or Tile Flat-wise) min. psi (MPa)Water AbsorptionMaximum % by2 h Boiling TestH2SO4SolubilityMaximum %Weight LossAverage of 5Brick or TileLow IndividualAverage of 5Brick or TileHigh IndividualAverage of 5
32、Brick or TileType I 1250 (8.6) 1000 (6.9) 6.0 7.0 20Type II 1250 (8.6) 1000 (6.9) 4.0 5.0 12Type III 1250 (8.6) 1000 (6.9) 1.0 1.5 8TABLE 2 Tolerances on WarpageMinimum Face Dimensions,inches (mm)Maximum Permissible Warpage,inches (mm)8 and under (203) and under332 (2.4)over 812 (203 to 305), incl18
33、 (3.2)over 1216 (305 to 406), incl532 (4.0)C 279 88 (2007)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such pat
34、ent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited eit
35、her for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair
36、hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C 279 88 (2007)3
