1、Designation: C34 09Standard Specification forStructural Clay Load-Bearing Wall Tile1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C34; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par
2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers structural clay loading-bearingwall tile
3、. Two grades of tile are covered, as follows:1.1.1 Grade LBXSuitable for general use in masonryconstruction and adapted for use in masonry exposed toweathering, provided they meet the durability requirements forGrade SW of Specification C216.1.1.2 Grade LBSuitable for general use in masonry wherenot
4、 exposed to frost action, or for use in exposed masonrywhere protected with a facing of 3 in. (76.2 mm) or more ofstone, brick, terra cotta, or other masonry.1.1.3 If tile having a particular color, texture, or finish aredesired, these features shall be specified separately by thepurchaser.NOTE 1Col
5、or of tile varies with the type of clay used and degree ofburning; hence, it cannot be taken as indicative of classification until afterit has been related to absorption and strength by actual tests.1.2 The property requirements of this standard apply at thetime of purchase. The use of results from
6、testing of tileextracted from masonry structures for determining conform-ance or non-conformance to the property requirements (Section3) of this standard is beyond the scope of this standard.1.3 Tile covered by this standard are manufactured fromclay, shale, or similar naturally occurring substances
7、 andsubjected to a heat treatment at elevated temperatures (firing).The heat treatment must develop sufficient fired bond betweenthe particulate constituents to provide the strength and dura-bility requirements of this specification. (See firing and firedbond in Terminology C1232.)1.4 The text of th
8、is standard references notes and footnoteswhich provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be consideredas requirements of the standard.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parenthes
9、es are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC216 Specification for Facing Brick (Solid Masonry UnitsMade from Clay or
10、 Shale)C1232 Terminology of Masonry3. Physical Properties3.1 Structural clay load-bearing wall tile shall conform tothe physical properties for the grade specified as prescribed inTable 1.3.2 Tile of Grade LBX shall be accepted under all condi-tions instead of Grade LB.3.3 End-construction tile are
11、tile designed to be placed inthe wall with axes of the cells vertical. Side-construction tileare tile designed to be placed in the wall with the axes of thecells horizontal. Where end-construction tile are used on theside they shall conform to the requirements of side-construction tile and vice vers
12、a.3.4 Bonding tile shall be so designed as to provide recessesfor header brick courses when laid up in brick-faced walls.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.02 on Brick and Structural Cla
13、y Tile.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009. Published December 2009. Originallyapproved in 1921. Last previous edition appoved in 2003 as C34 03. DOI:10.1520/C0034-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annua
14、l Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Number o
15、f Cells4.1 Load-bearing tile shall conform to the following re-quirements for minimum number of cells (see Note 2)inthedirection of wall thickness (see Note 3 for approximate weightsof tile):Nominal Horizontal Minimum Number ofThickness of CellsAin Direction ofTile as Laid in Wall, in. (mm) Wall Thi
16、ckness4 (101.6) 16 (152.4) 18 (203.2) 210 (254.0) 212 (304.8) 3ACells are hollow spaces enclosed within the perimeter of the exterior shells,and having a minimum dimension of not less than12 in. (12.7 mm) and across-sectional area of not less than 1 in.2(6.5 cm2).NOTE 2Fire-resistance regulations of
17、 governing codes should bechecked as to type of tile required.NOTE 3The following average masses of structural clay load-bearingwall tile are given only as information:Nominal HorizontalThickness of Tile asLaid in Wall, in. (mm)Average mass, lb/ft2(kg/m2) of tileA4 (101.6) 20 (97.6)6 (152.4) 30 (146
18、.4)8 (203.2) 36 (175.7)10 (254.0) 42 (205.0)12 (304.8) 52 (253.8)AThe masses given in the above table are for scored tile. If any of the faces arenot scored the weights are increased 1 lb/ft2of unscored area.4.2 In double-shell tile, the two voids between exterior andinterior shells on the sides of
19、the tile shall be considered as onecell in thickness of wall when their combined width is not lessthan12 in. (12.7 mm) provided the short webs between theinner and outer shells are not greater in number of thicknessthan the long transverse webs holding the inner shells.4.3 Re-entrant spaces not less
20、 than 1 in. (25.4 mm) in depthand not less than 1 in.2(6.5 cm2) in area, which form cellswhen the units are laid in the walls, shall be considered as cellsin the direction of wall thickness, but not in the units.5. Shell and Web Thickness5.1 The average over-all thickness of the shells, measuredbetw
21、een the inner and extreme outer surfaces of end-construction load-bearing tile, shall be not less than34 in. (19mm) except that in double-shell tile the combined averageover-all thickness of the inner and outer shell shall be not lessthan34 in. The thickness of the webs shall be not less than12in. (
22、12.7 mm).5.2 The average over-all thickness of the shells, measuredbetween the inner and extreme outer surfaces of side-construction load-bearing tile, shall be not less than58 in. (15.8mm) except that in double-shell tile the combined averageover-all thickness of the inner and outer shells shall be
23、 not lessthan34 in. (19 mm). The thickness of the webs shall be not lessthan12 in. (12.7 mm).5.3 The width of any cell in side-construction tile, measuredin the direction of wall thickness, shall not exceed four and onehalf times the average over-all thickness of either the upper orlower bearing she
24、ll. If no cell in side-construction tile, mea-sured in the direction of the wall thickness, exceeds four timesthe average over-all thickness of either the upper or lowerbearing shell, the requirements for minimum shell and webthickness specified in 5.2 shall be waived.5.4 The thickness of bonding an
25、d other types of tile manu-factured for use in combination with brick or other materialsshall match the thickness required by construction require-ments.NOTE 4Purchasers and designers should ascertain the type and size oftile, modular or nonmodular, available in the locality under considerationand s
26、hould specify accordingly, stating the size and type represented bythe available tile.Modular sizes are designated by the specified nominal dimensionswhich are equal to the actual manufactured dimensions plus the thicknessof one mortar joint, not to exceed12 in. (12.7 mm) (see Section 5.) Forexample
27、, if the modular, specified, or nominal dimensions of a unit are 4by 8 by 12 in. (101.6 by 203.2 by 304.8 mm) the actual manufactureddimensions may be 312 by 712 by 1112 in. (88.9 by 190.5 by 292.1 mm).6. Permissible Variations in Dimensions6.1 No over-all dimension shall vary more than 3 % over oru
28、nder the specified dimension for any form or size of tile.7. Finish7.1 The finish of the outer face or faces of tile shall beplaster-base finish or exposed wall finish as specified in theinvitation for bids.7.2 Surfaces of tile for plaster-base finish shall be smooth,scored, combed, or roughened. Wh
29、en smooth, the tile shall befree of glaze and the absorption shall be not less than 5 % normore than 25 %. When scored, each groove shall be not lessthan116 in. (1.6 mm) nor more than14 in. (6.4 mm) in depth,and not more than 1 in. (25.4 mm) in width. The area coveredby the grooves shall not exceed
30、50 % of the area of the scoredfaces. When combed, the tile shall be scratched or scarified,prior to burning, by mechanical means which shall makescratches or scarifications on the surface of the tile not less than116 in., nor more than18 in. (3.2 mm) in depth, and not morethan14 in. apart. When roug
31、hened, the die skin on the face ofthe tile shall be entirely broken by mechanical means, such aswire cutting or wire brushing. (The die skin is visible withinthe cells of the tile.)TABLE 1 Physical PropertiesGradeMaximum WaterAbsorptionAby 1-h Boiling, %Minimum Compressive Strength (Based on Gross A
32、rea),Bpsi (MPa)End Construction Tile Side Construction TileAverage ofFive TestsIndividualAverage ofFive TestsIndividualAverage ofFive TestsIndividualLBX 16 19 1400 (9.6) 1000 (6.8) 700 (4.8) 500 (3.4)LB 25 28 1000 (6.8) 700 (4.8) 700 (4.8) 500 (3.4)AThe range in percentage absorption for tile delive
33、red to any one job shall be not more than 12.BGross area of a unit shall be determined by multiplying the horizontal face dimension of the unit as placed in the wall, by its thickness.C340927.3 Surfaces of tile with exposed finish shall be smooth,combed, or roughened. Combed or roughened tile surfac
34、esshall conform to the requirements for these finishes given in7.2.8. Sampling and Testing8.1 The purchaser or his authorized representative shall beaccorded proper facilities for sampling and inspection of unitsboth at the place of manufacture and at the site of the work. Atleast 10 days from the t
35、ime of sampling is allowed forcompletion of the tests.8.2 Tile shall be sampled and tested in accordance with TestMethods C67.9. Visual Inspection9.1 All tile shall be reasonably free of laminations and ofcracks, blisters, surface roughness, and other defects thatinterfere with the proper setting of
36、 the tile or impair thestrength or permanence of the construction.10. Rejection10.1 In case the shipment fails to conform to the require-ments for the grade specified, the manufacturer is permitted tosort it. New specimens shall be selected by the purchaser fromthe retained lot and tested at the exp
37、ense of the manufacturer.In case the second set of specimens fails to meet the require-ments, the entire lot shall be rejected.11. Expense of Tests11.1 Except as specified in Section 10, and unless otherwiseagreed, the expense of inspection and testing shall be borne bythe purchaser.12. Keywords12.1
38、 clay; load-bearing tile; masonry construction; physicalproperties; shale; structural wall tile; tileSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (C34 03)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Dec. 1, 2009.)(1) A s
39、tatement on units was added as subsection 1.5.(2) Terminology C43 was replaced with Terminology C1232.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that de
40、termination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved
41、or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel t
42、hat your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprint
43、s (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C34093
