1、Designation: C 403/C 403M 08Standard Test Method forTime of Setting of Concrete Mixtures by PenetrationResistance1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 403/C 403M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers th
3、e determination of the time ofsetting of concrete, with slump greater than zero, by means ofpenetration resistance measurements on mortar sieved from theconcrete mixture.1.2 This test method is suitable for use only when tests ofthe mortar fraction will provide the information required.1.3 This test
4、 method may also be applied to preparedmortars and grouts.1.4 This test method is applicable under controlled labora-tory conditions, as well as under field conditions.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach syst
5、em may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresp
6、onsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and ConcreteAggregatesC 143/C 143M Test Method for S
7、lump of Hydraulic-Cement ConcreteC 172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ConcreteC 173/C 173M Test Method for Air Content of FreshlyMixed Concrete by the Volumetric MethodC 192/C 192M Practice for Making and Curing ConcreteTest Specimens in the LaboratoryC 231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshl
8、y MixedConcrete by the Pressure MethodC 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsD 1558 Test Method for Moisture Content Penetration Re-sistance Relationships of Fine-Grained SoilsE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurpose
9、sE 2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are given in TerminologyC 125.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A mortar sample is obtained by sieving a representativesample of fresh concrete. The mortar is placed in a
10、 containerand stored at a specified ambient temperature. At regular timeintervals, the resistance of the mortar to penetration by stan-dard needles is measured. From a plot of penetration resistanceversus elapsed time, the times of initial and final setting aredetermined.5. Significance and Use5.1 S
11、ince the setting of concrete is a gradual process, anydefinition of time of setting must necessarily be arbitrary. Inthis test method, the times required for the mortar to reachspecified values of resistance to penetration are used to definetimes of setting.1This test method is under the jurisdictio
12、n of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.23 on Chemical Admixtures.Current edition approved April 1, 2008. Published May 2008. Originallyapproved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C 403/C 403M06.2For referenced AS
13、TM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright AS
14、TM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2 This test method can be used to determine the effects ofvariables, such as water content; brand, type and amount ofcementitious material; or admixtures, upon the time of settingof concrete. This
15、 test method may also be used to determinecompliance with specified time-of-setting requirements.5.3 This test method may also be applied to preparedmortars and grouts. However, when the setting time of concreteis desired, the test shall be performed on mortar sieved fromthe concrete mixture and not
16、 on a prepared mortar intended tosimulate the mortar fraction of the concrete; it has been shownthat the initial and final setting times may be increased whenusing the prepared mortar.6. Apparatus6.1 Containers for Mortar SpecimensThe containers shallbe rigid, watertight, nonabsorptive, free of oil
17、or grease, andeither cylindrical or rectangular in cross section. Mortarsurface area shall be provided for ten undisturbed readings ofpenetration resistance in accordance with clear distance re-quirements specified in Procedure. The lateral dimension shallbe at least 6 in. 150 mm and the height at l
18、east 6 in. 150mm.6.2 Penetration NeedlesNeedles shall be provided whichcan be attached to the loading apparatus and which have thefollowing bearing areas: 1,12 ,14 ,110 ,120 , and140 in.2645,323, 161, 65, 32, and 16 mm2. Each needle shank shall bescribed circumferentially at a distance 1 in. 25 mm f
19、rom thebearing area.The length of the140 in.216-mm2 needle shall benot more than 312 in. 90 mm.6.3 Loading ApparatusA device shall be provided tomeasure the force required to cause penetration of the needles.The device shall be capable of measuring the penetration forcewith an accuracy of 62 lbf 10
20、N and shall have a capacity ofat least 130 lbf 600 N.NOTE 1Suitable loading apparatus can be of the spring-reaction typeas described in Test Method D 1558, or of other types with a calibratedforce measuring device, such as an electronic load cell or a hydraulicpressure gage.6.4 Tamping RodThe tampin
21、g rod shall be a round,straight, steel rod58 in. 16 mm in diameter and approxi-mately 24 in. 600 mm in length, having the tamping end orboth ends rounded to a hemispherical tip, the diameter ofwhich is58 in. 16 mm.6.5 PipetApipet or other suitable instrument shall be usedfor drawing off bleed water
22、from the surface of the testspecimen.6.6 ThermometerThe thermometer shall be capable ofmeasuring the temperature of the fresh mortar to 61F60.5C. ASTM liquid-in-glass thermometers having a temperaturerange from 0 to 120 F 20 to 50 C, and conforming to therequirements of Thermometer 97F (or 97C) as p
23、rescribed inSpecification E 2251 are satisfactory. Other thermometers ofthe required accuracy, including the metal immersion type, areacceptable.7. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units7.1 For tests under field conditions, prepare three specimensfrom each sample of concrete.7.2 For tests under la
24、boratory conditions, the requirementsdepend upon the purpose of the tests.7.2.1 For testing to prove compliance of a material withperformance requirements, make at least three separate con-crete batches for each variable under investigation. Performone time of setting test on each batch. Make an equ
25、al numberof batches for each variable on any one day. When it isimpossible to perform at least one test for each variable on anyone day, mix the entire series of batches in as few days aspossible, and repeat one of the mixtures each day as a standardfor comparison.7.2.2 For other tests, prepare thre
26、e test specimens from onebatch of concrete for each test variable.7.3 Record the time at which initial contact was madebetween cement and mixing water.7.4 For tests under field conditions, obtain a representativesample of the fresh concrete in accordance with Practice C 172.For tests under laborator
27、y conditions, make the concrete inaccordance with Practice C 192/C 192M. Determine andrecord the slump (Test Method C 143/C 143M) and air content(Test Method C 173/C 173M or C 231) of the fresh concrete.7.5 From the concrete not used in the slump and air contenttests, select a representative portion
28、 of sufficient volume toprovide enough mortar to fill the test container, or containers,to a depth of at least 512 in. 140 mm.7.6 Using the procedure in Practice C 172, obtain a mortarsample by wet-sieving the selected portion of concrete througha 4.75-mm sieve3and onto a nonabsorptive surface.7.7 T
29、horoughly remix the mortar by hand methods on thenonabsorptive surface. Measure and record the temperature ofthe mortar. Place the mortar in the container, or containers,using a single layer. Consolidate the mortar to eliminate airpockets in the specimen and level the top surface. This may beaccompl
30、ished by rocking the container back and forth on asolid surface, by tapping the sides of the container with thetamping rod, by rodding the mortar, or by placing the containeron a vibrating table (see Note 2). If rodding is used, rod themortar with the hemispherical end of the tamping rod. Rod themor
31、tar once for each 1 in.2645 mm2 of top surface area of thespecimen and distribute the strokes uniformly over the crosssection of the specimen. After completion of the rodding, tapthe sides of the containers lightly with the tamping rod to closevoids left by the tamping rod and to further level the s
32、urface ofthe specimen. Upon completion of specimen preparation, themortar surface shall be at least12 in. 10 mm below the topedge of the container to provide space for the collection andremoval of bleed water and to avoid contact between themortar surface and the protective covering specified in Sec
33、tion8.NOTE 2Sieved mortar is generally of fluid consistency and air pocketsare readily removed by the listed consolidation methods. The user shouldexercise judgment in the selection of the consolidation method. Rockingthe container or tapping of the sides should be sufficient for fluid mortars.Roddi
34、ng or using a vibrating table may be desirable for stiffer mortars.When using a vibrating table, use low-amplitude vibration so that portionsof the sample are not ejected from the container.3Detailed requirements for this sieve are given in Specification E11.C 403/C 403M 0828. Conditioning8.1 For te
35、sts under laboratory conditions, the storage tem-perature for specimens shall be within the range 68 to 77 F 20to 25 C, or as specified by the user.8.2 For tests under field conditions, store the specimensunder ambient conditions, or as specified by the user. Shield thespecimens from direct sunlight
36、.8.3 Measure and record the ambient air temperature at thestart and finish of the test. To prevent excessive evaporation ofmoisture, keep the specimens covered with a suitable materialsuch as damp burlap or a tight-fitting, water-impermeablecover for the duration of the test, except when bleed water
37、 isbeing removed or penetration tests are being made.9. Procedure9.1 Just prior to making a penetration test, remove bleedwater from the surface of the mortar specimens by means of apipet or suitable instrument. To facilitate collection of bleedwater, tilt the specimen carefully to an angle of about
38、 10 fromthe horizontal by placing a block under one side 2 min prior toremoval of the water.9.2 Insert a needle of appropriate size, depending upon thedegree of setting of the mortar, in the penetration resistanceapparatus and bring the bearing surface of the needle intocontact with the mortar surfa
39、ce. Gradually and uniformly applya vertical force downward on the apparatus until the needlepenetrates the mortar to a depth of 1 6116 in. 25 6 2 mm,as indicated by the scribe mark (Note 4). The time required topenetrate to the 1-in. 25-mm depth shall be 10 6 2 s. Recordthe force required to produce
40、 the 1-in. 25-mm penetration andthe time of application, measured as elapsed time after initialcontact of cement and water. Calculate the penetration resis-tance by dividing the recorded force by the bearing area of theneedle, and record the penetration resistance. In subsequentpenetration tests tak
41、e care to avoid areas where the mortar hasbeen disturbed by previous tests. The clear distance betweenneedle impressions shall be at least two diameters of the needlebeing used, but not less than12 in. 15 mm. The clear distancebetween any needle impression and the side of the containershall be at le
42、ast 1 in. 25 mm, but not more than 2 in. 50 mm,as depicted in Fig. 1.NOTE 3For a cylindrical container with the smallest allowable outerdiameter of 6 in., the operator can reasonably expect to achieve approxi-mately eight penetrations before impinging upon previous penetrations.This is based on usin
43、g needles of the following surface areas: 1 12 13,214 6, 2 110 2.5, 2 120 1.3, and 1 140 0.6 in.2mm2.NOTE 4To facilitate determination of when the required penetrationhas been attained, a sliding marker may be attached to the needle shaft.For example, a paper clip or masking tape may be placed on th
44、e shaft sothat it coincides with the scribe mark.The marker should not interfere withthe penetration of the needle into the mortar. The position of the markershould be checked prior to making a penetration.9.3 For conventional concrete mixtures at laboratory tem-peratures of 68 to 77 F 20 to 25 C, m
45、ake the initial test afteran elapsed time of 3 to 4 h after initial contact between cementand water. Subsequent tests should be made at12-to1-hintervals. For concrete mixtures containing accelerators, or attemperatures higher than laboratory, it is advisable to make theinitial test after an elapsed
46、time of 1 to 2 h and subsequent testsat12-h intervals. For concrete mixtures containing retarders, orat temperatures lower than laboratory, the initial test may bedeferred until an elapsed time of 4 to 6 h. In all cases, timeintervals between subsequent tests may be adjusted as neces-sary, depending
47、 upon the rate of setting, to obtain the requirednumber of penetrations.9.4 Make at least six penetrations for each time-of-settingtest, with time intervals of such duration as to provide asatisfactory curve of penetration resistance versus elapsed time(Note 5). Continue testing until one at least p
48、enetrationresistance reading equals or exceeds 4000 psi 27.6 MPa.NOTE 5A satisfactory curve is one which represents the overalldevelopment of penetration resistance and includes points before and afterthe times of initial and final setting to improve the accuracy of the requiredinterpolation. For no
49、rmal setting mixtures, test points are usually atequally spaced time intervals. Premature penetration testing will result intoo many data points earlier than the initial setting time. This maydecrease the accuracy of the estimated setting time by biasing the best fitline when regression analysis is used to analyze the penetration resistancedata.9.5 Plotting Test ResultsOne of the following alternativeprocedures may be used to plot the test results and obtain timesof setting (N
