1、Designation: C 411 05Standard Test Method forHot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature ThermalInsulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 411; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination
3、 of the perfor-mance of commercial sizes of both block and pipe forms ofthermal insulating materials when exposed to simulated hot-surface application conditions. The term “hot-surface perfor-mance” has reference to a simulated use-temperature test inwhich the heated testing surface is in a horizont
4、al position.1.2 This test method refers primarily to high-temperatureinsulations that are applicable to hot-side temperatures inexcess of 200F (93C). It is used for materials such aspreformed insulations, insulating cements, blankets, and thelike, by proper laboratory preparation of the samples.1.3
5、The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish
6、 appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology C 168 shall apply to theterms used in this test method
7、.4. Significance and Use4.1 Performance in service is the final measure of value fora thermal insulation, but simulative service tests give usefulindications. One type involves application for a specified timeto a surface heated at a temperature approximately that ofintended service, and noting duri
8、ng the test and afterward,changes in the material and its properties. Measurement ofthese changes are used for predicting what occurs in service asa result of exposure to temperatures corresponding to those ofthe tests.5. Apparatus5.1 Heating PlateThe heating plate shall consist of acorrosion-resist
9、ant and heat-resistant plate with a preferredexposed test area of 36 by 18 in. (914 by 457 mm), but havinga minimum test area of 18 by 18 in. (457 by 457 mm). Theheated area shall have an insulated, heated guard area having aminimum width of 3 in. (76 mm) around the entire periphery ofthe test area.
10、 The plate shall be supported in a horizontal planeat a sufficient number of points to prevent sagging. It shall beheated on the under side by gas or electricity. The surfacetemperature of the plate shall be measured by not less than fivethermocouples. Four of the thermocouples shall be locatedalong
11、 the diagonals that extend from the corners of the exposedarea of the plate and at a distance of 6 in. (152 mm) in fromeach corner. A fifth thermocouple shall be located near thecenter of the test plate area. The temperature at no point ofmeasurement shall vary more than 65%or625F (614C),whichever i
12、s less, from the desired temperature. A heatingchamber beneath the heating plate shall be formed to retain theheat generated by the heating means. A 6-in. thickness ofinsulation shall form the bottom and the sides, and the heatingplate shall form the top of the chamber. Two suitable types ofheating
13、plates are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.5.2 Heating PipeThe heating pipe shall consist of acorrosion-resistant and heat-resistant pipe having a length ofnot less than 3 ft (0.9 m) and preferably 6 ft 6 in. (1.98 m). Itshall be supported horizontally. The nominal diameter of thepipe shall preferably be
14、 3 in. (76 mm). The pipe shall be heatedelectrically with a spiral heating coil placed along the inside ofthe pipe. Supplementary end heaters, and a guard section atleast 3 in. long of the same insulation as that being placed onthe test section, shall also be provided to guard againstexcessive losse
15、s from the ends of the test specimen. (Wherepossible, the use of standard thermal conductivity pipe test1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C16 on ThermalInsulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.31 on Chemical andPhysical Properties.Current edition app
16、roved Nov. 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C 411 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, r
17、efer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.apparatus to serve as the heating pipe is recommended.) Thesurface temperature of the pipe shall be measured by means ofth
18、ermocouples, not less than one for each 1 ft (0.3 m) of lengthof the test specimen, and located spirally around the pipe at 90intervals. The test portion of the pipe shall be that area undera full length of a pipe insulation undergoing test. The tempera-ture at any point of measurement on the test p
19、ortion shall notvary more than 65%or625F (614C), whichever is less,from the desired temperature.5.3 Temperature MeasurementThermocouples shall beused to measure the surface temperature of the heating plateand the heating pipe. They shall be applied either by peeningthe individual wires into small ho
20、les drilled into the surface andseparated by not more than18 in. (3 mm) or by joining thewires with a welded bead and cementing them in grooves withthe bead tangent to the surface but not projecting above it. Thethermocouples shall be made from wires having a size notgreater than No. 22 Awg (0.644 m
21、m), and preferably not largerthan No. 26 Awg (0.405 mm). The combination of thethermocouple and measuring instrument used shall ensure anaccuracy of temperature measurement of 61%.NOTE 1This requires different thermocouples and measuring instru-ments for high-temperature tests than for moderate-temp
22、erature tests.5.4 Straightedge and RuleA straightedge having a lengthof at least 36 in. (0.9 m) and a small rule divided in164 or110of 1 in. shall be used to determine warpage.6. Sampling and Preparation of Test Specimens6.1 All samples that are required to complete the tests shallbe selected at one
23、 time and in such a manner so as to be fullyrepresentative of the average of the material. Test specimensfor any one test condition shall be selected from the originalsample lot so as to be as representative as possible. The testspecimens shall be commercial pieces. For pipe insulation, thefull-size
24、, commercial pipe sections shall be selected. Anydiameter pipe insulation for which equipment is available ispotentially tested. However, only pipe insulation of 3-in.(76-mm) nominal inside diameter need to be tested.7. Procedure7.1 Use the heating plate for testing the flat or block form ofinsulati
25、on. Use the heating pipe for pipe insulation. Thethickness of the layers in multilayer insulation and the totalthickness of insulation applied to the hot surface for a test shallbe that recommended by the manufacturer for the temperatureof the hot surface in question, or as agreed between thein.mm18
26、314612133419125112382512126421116683128941024111611951271333015123941743218457297373076231787431092451143FIG. 1 Type A Heating Plate for Hot-Surface Performance TestC411052manufacturer and the purchaser. When multi-layer applicationsare to be tested, stagger each joint between adjacent test piecesin
27、 the same layer with respect to the joint in the next layer.Equally dispose about that joint the test piece in the next layerthat covers a joint of the preceding layer.7.2 Assembly of Specimen on Heating PlateSpecimensfor testing on a heating plate shall be 6 by 18 in. (152 by 457mm) with the thickn
28、ess as described in 7.1. Check each blockfor flatness and measure and record any initial warpage. Coverthe test area of the heating plate with the test blocks. If anyblocks have initial warpage, place the concave face toward thehot side. Apply additional layers to the first layers whennecessary to g
29、ive the total required thickness.7.3 Assembly of Specimen on Heating PipeApply a fulllength of pipe insulation to the test pipe. If the test pipe islonger than the specimen, the latter can advantageously becentered on the pipe and the ends covered with sawed lengthsof the insulation being tested so
30、as to help guard the full lengthspecimen from end losses. The thickness of the test specimenshall be as required in 7.1.Apply additional layers of insulationas necessary to give the required total thickness. Apply thevarious layers of insulation and secure tightly around the pipeby the usual recomme
31、nded practice.7.4 Start the test with the heating surface (plate or pipe) atroom temperature. Employ a heating rate consistent with theuse for which the material is intended. During the heatingperiod, make qualitative observations to detect visible evidenceof flaming, glowing, smoldering, and smokin
32、g. After the hotsurface has reached the desired test temperature, begin a periodof exposure of 96 h. At the completion of the test period, turnoff the source of heat and allow the assembly to cool to aboutroom temperature before any specimens are removed.316 in. = 4.8 mm1 ft = 305 mm24 in. = 610 mm4
33、2 in. = 1067 mmNOTE 1Thermocouple leads to temperature controller.FIG. 2 Type B Heating Plate for Hot-Surface Performance TestC411053NOTE 2Ambient conditions on the exposed surface of the testinsulation shall be at room temperature.7.5 After test, examine the specimens very carefully todetect any te
34、ndency toward cracking. Note the number ofcracks and the extent or depth of cracking. Also note anytendency toward delamination. Record other discerniblechanges, such as any evidence of flaming, glowing, smolder-ing, or smoking that can be observed by visual inspection. Inaddition, measure the block
35、 or pipe specimens for warpage byplacing a straightedge along the length of the block or pipe andmeasuring the maximum warpage at the center of the specimenwith a steel rule.8. Calculation8.1 Calculate the amount of warpage due to heating asfollows:W 5 W22 W1(1)where:W = warpage developed during the
36、 test, in in. (or mm),(measured in accordance with 7.5),W1= initial measured warpage, in in. (or mm), andW2= final measured warpage, in in. (or mm).9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Name and any other identification of the materialtested,9.1.2 Kind of insulation tested, sectional,
37、segmental, orblock,9.1.3 Number of layers of insulation applied,9.1.4 Size and thickness of each layer,9.1.5 Details of application,9.1.6 Temperature of test,9.1.7 Warpage,9.1.8 Extent of cracking,9.1.9 Amount of delamination,9.1.10 Amount of sagging away from the pipe (pipe insu-lation),9.1.11 Decr
38、ease in thickness along the top of the pipe (pipeinsulation),9.1.12 Other visible changes, and9.1.13 Any evidence of flaming, glowing, smoldering,smoking, and so forth.10. Precision and Bias310.1 Precision and BiasPrecision of the warpage testmethod was determined by a round robin with four particip
39、at-ing laboratories. The product tested was faced rigid cellularpolyisocyanurate board with embedded glass mesh, and adensity of approximately 1.86 lb/ft3(29.80 kg/m3). Facer wasremoved from both sides prior to test. Orientation of theembedded glass mesh did not affect the test results. Tempera-ture
40、 of exposure was 300F (149C), which was above theproduct use temperature, to achieve measurable warpage andmeasurable test method variation. The test results are notintended to be indicative of product performance under recom-mended service conditions.10.2 Precision Results:95% Repeatability (2.8Sr)
41、 =0.088 in. (2.24 mm)95% Reproducibility (2.8SR) =0.232 in. (5.89mm)10.3 BiasNo information can be presented on the bias ofthe procedure in this test method because no material having anaccepted reference value is available.11. Keywords11.1 cracking; delamination; high temperature insulation;hot-sur
42、face performance; temperature tests; thermal insulatingmaterials; warpageASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity o
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45、ceived a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies)
46、 of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR: C16C1031.C411054
