1、Designation: C 428 05 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Specification forAsbestos-Cement Nonpressure Sewer Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 428; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers requirements relat
3、ing toasbestos-cement nonpressure sewer pipe, joints, and fittingssuitable for use with gravity flow, intended for sewerage anddrainage applications from point of use to point of treatment ordisposal. It defines certain conditions of manufacture, classifi-cation, characteristics, and acceptance test
4、s applicable to theseproducts.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are provided forinformation only.NOTE 1Rubber rings suitable for use with this pipe are covered inSpecification D 1869.NOTE 2As general guidance to achieve safe and clea
5、n construction-site conditions when working with asbestos-cement pipe products, theprocedures covered in AWWA No. M-16 shall be followed.NOTE 3This specification is issued for product standardization andpurchasing purposes only, and does not include requirements for instal-lation or the relationship
6、s between operating conditions and the strengthcharacteristics of the various classifications of pipe. The purchaser iscautioned that he must correlate installation and operating conditions withthe specified characteristics of the pipe.1.3 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and
7、asbestos products present demonstrated healthrisks for users and for those with whom they come into contact.In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Useof Chry
8、sotile: A Manual on Preventive and Control Mea-sures.”21.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility
9、 of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific safetyhazard, see 1.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 150 Specification for Portland CementC 458 Test Method for Organic Fiber Content of Asbestos-Cement ProductsC 500 Test Methods for Asbestos-Cement PipeC 595 Specification for Bl
10、ended Hydraulic CementsC 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteD 1869 Specification for Rubber Rings for Asbestos-Cement Pipe2.2 Federal Standard:No. 123 Marking for Domestic Shipment (Civilian Agen-cies)42.3 Military Standard:No. 129 Marking for S
11、hipment and Storage42.4 Other Standards:Uniform Freight Classification Rules5National Motor Freight Classification Rules6M-16 Work Practices for Asbestos-Cement Pipe73. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 pipeasbestos-cement nonpressure sewer pipe as de-fined in Secti
12、ons 1, 3, and 6 of this specification.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Cement Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C17.03 onAsbestos-Cement Sheet Products and Accessories. Specifications C 428 and C 644have been combined into this one e
13、dition of Specification C 428. In this edition arethe results of the work done by the Common Wording Task Force and A/C SewerPipe Redesign Task Force. The 1981 edition included the Ordering Informationsection (Section 5), that is given as an appendix in some Asbestos CementSpecifications under Addit
14、ional Information, and Requirements for non-AsbestosCement Couplings and Fittings for use with Asbestos Cement Non-Pressure SewerPipe.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published November 2006. Originallyapproved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C 428 05.2Available from The Asb
15、estos Institute, referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from Standardization Documents Order
16、Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, Attn: NPODS.5Available from the Uniform Classification Commission, Room 1106, 222 S.Riverside Plaza, Chicago, IL 60606.6Available from National Motor Freight Inc., 1616 P St., N. W., Washington, DC20036.7Available from American W
17、ater Work Assoc., 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver,CO 80235.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.2 couplinga section for joining asbestos-cement non-pressure sewer pipe, as defined in 6.3, that when properlyinstalled with t
18、he proper accessories, develops an assembledjoint, equivalent in serviceability and strength to the pipesections when tested in accordance with 8.3 of this specifica-tion.3.1.3 fittingcomponents such as wyes, tees, adaptors, foruse in laying asbestos-cement pipe, such that, when properlyinstalled, y
19、ields develops an assembly fitting equivalent inserviceability and strength to the pipe sections.3.2 Lot:3.2.1 A lot is used herein for designated pipe sizes 150 mm(6 in.) and smaller is defined as those lengths of pipe of thatsize, class, and type manufactured during the same shift.3.2.2 Alot, used
20、 herein for designated pipe sizes 200 mm (8in.) through 525 mm (21 in.), is defined as each 300 lengths ofpipe or less, of identical size, class, and type manufactured oneach maching during a 24-h period.3.2.3 A lot, used herein for designated pipe sizes larger than525 mm (21 in.), is defined as eac
21、h 300 lengths of pipe or less,of identical size, class, and type manufactured on each machineduring a period of consecutive working days not exceeding 7days.4. Classification4.1 Asbestos-cement pipe furnished under this specificationshall be designated as Classes 1500, 2400, 3300, 4000, 5000,6000, a
22、nd 7000 based on the respective crushing strengths, andshall be furnished in the designated sizes as shown in Table 1.4.2 The type of pipe shall be designated as Type I or TypeII in accordance with the chemical requirements of Section 7 ofthis specification.NOTE 4To assist the purchaser in choosing
23、the type of pipe mostsuitable for his use, guidelines for the definitions of aggressiveness ofwater and of soil environments for selection of the proper type ofasbestos-cement pipe are covered in the appropriate sections of TestMethods C 500.5. Ordering Information5.1 It is suggested, without being
24、made a part of thisspecification, that information shall be included in the agree-ment for purchase of pipe, couplings, and fittings as follows:5.1.1 Any tests, in addition to those prescribed by thisspecification, as the special circumstances shall require,5.1.2 The place or places where any additi
25、onal tests are tobe made,5.1.3 Description of the additional testing facilities,5.1.4 Who shall bear the expense of such additional tests,5.1.5 Whether such additional tests shall be made by anysound sampling process or other method approved by theparties, and5.1.6 Whether non-asbestos-cement nonpre
26、ssure sewer cou-plings and fittings shall be provided.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Asbestos-cement pipe shall be made from a homoge-neous mixture of portland cement conforming to SpecificationC 150 or other suitable inorganic hydraulic binder meetingSpecifications C 595 or C 618, asbestos fiber a
27、nd water, with orwithout silica or minerals containing silica that meet Specifi-cation C 618, and that can react during autoclaving to formcalcium silicate reaction products, in the ratio of cement: silicaequal to 3:2. The mixture shall not contain more than 0.2 % ofnondeleterious organic components
28、 as determined by TestMethod C 458.6.2 The pipe shall be of laminar construction formed underpressure to a homogeneous structure and cured to meet thechemical and physical requirements of this specification.6.3 Couplings:6.3.1 Asbestos-cement nonpressure sewer couplings shallbe made in conformance w
29、ith 6.1 and 6.2 of this specification.6.3.2 Non-asbestos-cement nonpressure sewer couplingsshall be equivalent in serviceability to those couplings definedin 6.3.1 of this specification and shall be installed in accor-dance with the manufacturers recommendations.6.4 Fittings:6.4.1 Asbestos-cement no
30、npressure sewer fittings shall bemade in conformance with 6.1 and 6.2 of this specification.6.4.2 Non-asbestos-cement nonpressure sewer fittings shallbe equivalent in serviceability to those fittings defined in 6.4.1of this specification and shall be installed in accordance withthe manufacturers rec
31、ommendations.7. Chemical Composition7.1 When tested in accordance with the appropriate sectionsof Test Methods C 500, the amount of uncombined calciumhydroxide shall not exceed 1.0 % for Type II pipe.NOTE 5There are no chemical requirements for Type I pipe.8. Physical Properties8.1 Crushing Strength
32、Crushing tests shall be conductedbefore shipment. A test specimen cut from an unmachinedportion of the pipe shall have the minimum crushing strengthprescribed in Table 2, when tested in accordance with 11.3 ofthis specification and the V-Shaped Bearing Method of TestMethods C 500.TABLE 1 Designated
33、Sizes of Pipes According to ClassesDesignated Size,mm (in.)ClassesA1500 2400 3300 4000 5000 6000 700010(4) XXX125(5) XXX150(6) XXX20(8) XXX250(10) XXXXX30(12) XXXXX350(14) XXXXX375(15) XXXXX40(16) XXXXX450(18) XXXXXX50(20) XXXXXX525(21) XXXXXX60(24) XXXXXX675(27) XXXXX750(30) XXXXX825(3) XXXX90(36)
34、XXXX975(39) XXXX1050 (42) XXXXAOther classes may be available on special order.C 428 05 (2006)28.2 Flexural StrengthLongitudinal bending tests shall beconducted before shipment. Each length of pipe 3 m (10 ft) orlonger, for designated sizes 200 mm (8 in.) and less, shall havethe minimum proof flexur
35、al strength prescribed in Table 3,when tested in accordance with the appropriate section of TestMethods C 500.8.3 Joint TightnessThe tests outlined in this section areconsidered to be one-time qualification tests to establish theadequacy of the manufacturers joint design. Instead of requir-ing perfo
36、rmance of these tests, the purchaser may require themanufacturer to certify that pipes and couplings equivalent inmaterial and design have passed the tests enumerated in thissection. At his own expense, however, the purchaser, bydesignation with his order, shall have the option to require thatassemb
37、led pipes and couplings pass the following performancetests without leakage.8.3.1 CouplingsThe couplings, when assembled on pipe,shall be capable of withstanding simultaneously:8.3.1.1 The minimum crushing load prescribed in Table 2,when tested in accordance with Section 5 of Test MethodsC 500, and8
38、.3.1.2 The hydrostatic pressure tests described in 8.3.1.3and 8.3.1.4 of this specification.8.3.1.3 Straight AlignmentA hydrostatic pressure testshall be made on an assembly of two sections of pipe properlyconnected with a coupling in accordance with the joint design.An equivalent alternative shall
39、be a single pipe with a couplingon each end. The assembly shall be subjected to an internalhydrostatic pressure of 70 kPa (10 psi) for 10 min. Any visiblewater leakage shall be considered failure of the test require-ments.8.3.1.4 Maximum Deflected PositionUpon completion ofthe test for pipe in strai
40、ght alignment in accordance with8.3.1.3 of this specification, deflect the test sections 90 mrad(5) for 300 mm (12 in.) and smaller diameters, 50 mrad (3)for 350 mm (14 in.) and larger diameters (with one half of thedeflection being between each pipe and the coupling). Thedeflected assembly shall be
41、 subjected to an internal hydrostaticpressure of 70 kPa (10 psi) for 10 min. Any visible waterleakage shall be considered a failure of the test requirements.9. Dimensions and Permissible Variations9.1 Couplings and coupling areas of the pipe shall bemachined or otherwise finished to such dimensions
42、as willmeet the joint tightness requirements defined in 8.3 of thisspecification.9.2 The permissible variation of the internal diameter shallbe in accordance with Table 4.9.3 The inside diameter shall not vary from a true circle bymore than 3 % of its average inside diameter.9.3.1 The average inside
43、 diameter shall be determined bytaking any two 1.6-rad (90) opposing measurements andaveraging the readings.10. Workmanship and Finish10.1 Ends of the pipe that receive the coupling shall be freeof dents and gouges that will affect the tightness of the joint.10.2 Each pipe shall be free of bulges, d
44、ents, and tears in theinside surface that result in a variation of more than 5 mm (0.2in.) from that obtained on adjacent unaffected portions of thesurface.10.3 Each length of pipe shall not vary in straightness bymore than the following tolerances when the variation ismeasured in accordance with Se
45、ction 6 of Test Methods C 500.Designated Size, mm (in.) Tolerance, mm/m (in./ft)100150 (46)2001050 (842)5 (0.06)4 (0.05)11. Sampling11.1 All material tested under this specification shall be in anormal air dried condition.11.2 Each length of pipe 3 m (10 ft) or longer in designatedsizes 200 mm (8 in
46、.) or less shall be tested in flexure by themanufacturer prior to shipment in accordance with Section 4 ofTest Methods C 500.11.3 For crushing tests of designated pipe sizes 150 mm (6in.) and smaller, one length of pipe shall be selected from eachTABLE 2 Crushing StrengthClass Minimum CrushingLoad,k
47、N/m(lbf/ft)1500 21.9 (1500)2400 35.0 (2400)3300 48.2 (3300)4000 58.4 (4000)5000 73.0 (5000)6000 87.6 (6000)7000 102.2 (7000)TABLE 3 Flexural Proof StrengthDesignated Size,mm (in.)Total Applied Load,AClass 1500kN (lbf)Class 2400kN (lbf)Class 3300kN (lbf)100 (4) 2.4 (550) 2.4 (550) 2.4 (550)125 (5) 4.
48、2 (950) 4.2 (950) 4.2 (950)150 (6) 6.7 (1500) 6.7 (1500) 6.7 (1500)200 (8) 12.0 (2700) 13.3 (3000) 17.3 (3900)AThe indicated loads are applied over a clear span of 2.7 mm (9 ft). It shall beoptional to test at 75 % of the indicated loads on a clear span of 3.7 m (12 ft).TABLE 4 Permissible Variation
49、 in Internal Diameter of PipeDesignated Size,mm (in.)Average Internal Diametermin mm (in.) max mm (in.)100 (4) 95 (3.75) 110 (4.25)125 (5) 120 (4.75) 135 (5.25)150 (6) 145 (5.75) 160 (6.25)200 (8) 195 (7.75) 210 (8.25)250 (10) 245 (9.75) 260 (10.25)300 (12) 295 (11.75) 315 (12.25)350 (14) 345 (13.75) 365 (14.25)375 (15) 370 (14.75) 390 (15.25)400 (16) 400 (15.75) 415 (16.25)450 (18) 450 (17.73) 465 (18.27)500 (20) 500 (19.70) 520 (20.30)525 (21) 525 (20.69) 545 (21.31
